From around 1830, large segments of the population began to identify with either German or Danish nationality and mobilized politically. Originally the duchy was called Sønderjylland (Southern Jutland) but in the late 14th century the name of the city Slesvig (now Schleswig) started to be used for the whole territory. The region is also called Sleswick in English. This created a new cultural dividing line in the duchy because German was used for church services and teaching in the diocese of Schleswig and Danish was used in the diocese of Ribe and the archdeaconry of Haderslev. Denmark was victorious and the Prussian troops were ordered to pull out of Schleswig and Holstein following the London Protocol of 1852. From around 1800 to 1840, the Danish-speaking population on the Angeln peninsula between Schleswig and Flensburg began to switch to Low German and in the same period many North Frisians also switched to Low German. A third branch in the condominium, the short-lived House of Haderslev, was already extinct in 1580 by the time of John the Elder. This linguistic change created a new de facto dividing line between German and Danish speakers north of Tønder and south of Flensburg. Les duchés de Schleswig et de Holstein sont remis respectivement à la Prusse et l'Autriche. À la mort d'Adolphe VIII en 1459, la lignée des Schauenbourg de Holstein s'éteignit ; le Schleswig et le Holstein étaient si liés qu'il fut naturel aux nobles des deux entités de se doter d'un seigneur commun. The feudal system was gradually abolished in the late 18th century, starting with the crown lands in 1765 and later the estates of the nobility. Following the Protestant Reformation, when Latin was replaced as the medium of church service by the vernacular languages, the diocese of Schleswig was divided and an autonomous archdeaconry of Haderslev created. Au Sud, Eider et Levensau faisaient la frontière avec la Dithmarse et le Holstein. Today, both parts co-operate as a Euroregion, despite a national border dividing the former duchy. À partir du XIVe siècle, une liaison plus étroite se développa avec le comté de Holstein, qui faisait partie du Saint-Empire romain germanique. Les danophones demandaient, eux, le rattachement pur et simple du Schleswig et du Holstein au Danemark. In the 19th century, there was a naming dispute concerning the use of Schleswig or Slesvig and Sønderjylland (Southern Jutland). Historical Map of the Duchy of Westphalia (Cologne) 1789 Karte des Herzogtums Westfalen 1789 - Kurfürstentum Köln Carte historique du duché de Westphalie (Cologne) 1789 Cette frontière est déjà mentionnée au XIe siècle par Adam de Brême. In the 17th century a series of wars between Denmark and Sweden—which Denmark lost—devastated the region economically. "Olsen's Map", published by the Danish cartographer Olsen[citation needed] in the 1830s, used this term, arousing a storm of protests by the duchy's German inhabitants. Dans le traité de Ribe de 1460 signé avec Christian Ier figurait le fait que les deux entités devaient rester liées pour l'éternité. However, in response to the 2016 European migrant crisis, border checks were reintroduced.[9]. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. In Denmark, the National Liberal Party used the Schleswig Question as part of their agitation and demanded that the Duchy be incorporated into the Danish kingdom under the slogan "Denmark to the Eider". Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}55°10′N 9°15′E / 55.167°N 9.250°E / 55.167; 9.250, "Schleswig" redirects here. On the west coast, the Danish diocese of Ribe ended about 5 km (3 miles) north of the present border. The title and anomaly survived presumably because it was already co-regally held by the king's sons. Researchers surmised that the bodies were entombed in wooden coffins originally, but only the iron nails remained. After the German conquest in 1864, the term Sønderjylland became increasingly dominant among the Danish population, even though most Danes still had no objection to the use of "Schleswig" as such (it is etymologically of Danish origin) and many of them still used it themselves in its Danish version "Slesvig". They specialized in high quality dairy products. Au nord, c'est la Kongeå qui faisait frontière avec le reste du Jutland. Northern Schleswig was, after the 1920 plebiscites, officially named the Southern Jutland districts (de sønderjyske landsdele), while Southern Schleswig then remained a part of the Prussian province, which became the German state of Schleswig-Holstein in 1946. The title of Duke of Schleswig was inherited in 1460 by the hereditary kings of Norway, who were also regularly elected kings of Denmark simultaneously, and their sons (unlike Denmark, which was not hereditary). Le duché de Schleswig resta cependant un vassal danois, tandis que le comté de Holstein demeurait un vassal de l'Empereur. Blazon: Français : d'or à deux lions léopardés d'azur, armés et lampassés de gueules. In the 1230s, Southern Jutland (the Duchy of Slesvig) was allotted as an appanage to Abel Valdemarsen, Canute's great-grandson, a younger son of Valdemar II of Denmark. [3] Towards the end of the Early Middle Ages, Schleswig formed part of the historical Lands of Denmark as Denmark unified out of a number of petty chiefdoms in the 8th to 10th centuries in the wake of Viking expansion. The development of dairy farming and Koppelwirtschaft on manors in Schleswig-Holstein in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,", http://www.politiko.dk/nyheder/regeringen-indfoerer-midlertidig-graensekontrol-til-tyskland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Schleswig&oldid=982296277, States and territories established in 1058, Articles with Danish-language sources (da), Articles with German-language sources (de), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Articles with disputed statements from October 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 October 2020, at 08:36. The term "Sønderjylland" was hardly used between the 16th and 19th centuries, and in this period the name "Schleswig" had no special political connotations. Bien que cela n'eût alors rien à voir avec une unité territoriale, ce paragraphe fut la base du mouvement de Schleswig-Holstein du XIXe siècle, qui demandait une séparation du Danemark et l'intégration du Schleswig germanophone à la Confédération germanique. Le duché de Schleswig (allemand : Herzogtum Schleswig ; danois : Hertugdømmet Slesvig ou Sønderjylland) a existé en tant que vassal du Danemark jusqu'à la … À la mort d'Adolphe VIII en 1459, la lignée des Schauenbourg de Holstein s'éteignit ; le Schleswig et le Holstein étaient si liés qu'il fut naturel aux nobles des deux entités de se doter d'un seigneur commun. Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 600 × 400 pixels. Feuds and marital alliances brought the Abel dynasty into a close connection with the German Duchy of Holstein by the 15th century. d'une lithographie représentant un paysage d'Heligoland (île de la Mer du Nord rattachée administrativement au Schleswig-Holstein), don E. Reclus en 1886] Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer, "Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid", Politikens Forlag (1. bogklubudgave), 2002, Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4th edition (1885-90), entry: "Eider", Danmarkshistoriens hvornår skete det, Copenhagen: Politiken, 1966, p. 65, Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen, "Innovative Feudalism. In 1866 Schleswig and Holstein were legally merged into the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein. Le Schleswig et le Holstein sont alors annexés à la Prusse et deviennent une province unique à part entière en 1867. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Les Prussiens administrent le Schleswig, les Autrichiens gérant alors le Holstein. Aquest fitxer està subjecte a la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir Igual 3.0 No adaptada. L'étendue de ce duché correspondait à la région allemande actuelle du Schleswig du Sud (districts de Nordfriesland, de Schleswig-Flensburg, une partie de celui de Rendsburg-Eckernförde et ville de Flensburg, ainsi que le comté danois de Sønderjylland). La capitale était Schleswig. As Denmark and Germany are both part of the Schengen Area, for many years, there were no controls at the border. Titre Duchesse consort de Prusse 12 février 1526 — 11 avril 1547(20 ans 11 mois et 30 jours) Dorothée de Danemark (en danois : Dorothea af Danmark) née en 1504 au château de Gottorf (duché de Schleswig) et morte le 11 avril 1547 à Königsberg (duché de Prusse), est une princesse de Danemark et de Norvège devenue duchesse consort de Prusse à la suite de son mariage. The Treaty of Heiligen was signed in 811 between the Danish King Hemming and Charlemagne, by which the border was established at the Eider. Its construction, and in particular its great expansion around 737, has been interpreted as an indication of the emergence of a unified Danish state. Provision for the cession of northern Schleswig to Denmark was made pending a popular vote in favour of this. The latter was a fief subordinate to the Holy Roman Empire, while Schleswig remained a Danish fief. An example is the founding of De Nordslesvigske Landboforeninger (The North Schleswig Farmers Association). En 1863, le roi … Après 1919, la partie nord du duché reviendra au Danemark grâce au traité de Versailles qui permet les plébiscites du Schleswig. This line corresponds remarkably closely with the present border. Français : Duché de Schleswig. [2] In May 1931, scientists of the National Museum of Denmark announced that they had unearthed eighteen Viking graves with the remains of eighteen men in them. Following the Second World War, a substantial part of the German population in Southern Schleswig changed their nationality and declared themselves as Danish. Each of the graves was laid out from east to west. By the early Middle Ages, the region was inhabited by three groups: During the 14th century, the population on Schwansen began to speak Low German alongside Danish,[1] but otherwise the ethno-linguistic borders remained remarkably stable until around 1800, with the exception of the population in the towns that became increasingly German from the 14th century onwards. La Prusse et l'Autriche lancent donc un ultimatum le 16 janvier 1864, puis déclarent la guerre au Danemark : la seconde guerre des Duchés vient d'éclater. Sous la pression des Britanniques et des Russes, les belligérants signent la « Trêve de Malmö » le 26 août 1848, mais elle est rompue par le Danemark le 10 juillet 1849. Denmark again attempted to integrate Schleswig by creating a new common constitution (the so-called November Constitution) for Denmark and Schleswig in 1863, but the German Confederation, led by Prussia and Austria, defeated the Danes in the Second War of Schleswig the following year. La loi prussienne du 23 juin 1876, relative à la réunion du duché de Lauenbourg à la monarchie prussienne (en allemand : Gesetz betreffend die Vereinigung des Herzogtums Lauenburg mi… Its revival and widespread use in the 19th century therefore had a clear Danish nationalist connotation of laying a claim to the territory and objecting to the German claims. [citation needed] Between 1544 and 1713/20, the ducal reign had become a condominium, with the royal House of Oldenburg and its cadet branch House of Holstein-Gottorp jointly holding the stake. La mer du Nord se trouvait à l'ouest et la mer Baltique à l'est. Durant le bas Moyen Âge, ce duché était nommé Jutland-du-Sud. C'est ainsi que la noblesse du Holstein acquit de grandes possessions au Schleswig. Les Schauenburger, qui avaient reçu le Holstein en fief au XIIe siècle, purent s'établir comme ducs de Schleswig et comtes de Holstein, jetant ainsi les bases d'une seigneurie commune. Sa superficie était de 9 200 km² environ. These dual loyalties were to become a main root of the dispute between the German states and Denmark in the 19th century, when the ideas of romantic nationalism and the nation-state gained popular support. The name Southern Schleswig is now used for all of German Schleswig. In Southern Schleswig, no referendum was held, as the likely outcome was apparent. [4], In 1115, King Niels created his nephew Canute Lavard – a son of his predecessor Eric I – Earl of Schleswig, a title used for only a short time before the recipient began to style himself Duke.[5]. However, the majority in the Danish parliament refused to support a referendum in South Schleswig, fearing that the "new Danes" were not genuine in their change of nationality. The Treaty of Versailles provided for plebiscites to determine the allegiance of the region. When the National Liberals came to power in Denmark in 1848, it provoked an uprising of ethnic Germans who supported Schleswig's ties with Holstein. Stamps of the United Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein‎ (3 C) Media in category "Duchy of Schleswig" The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total. Herzogtum Schleswig Hertugdømmet Slesvig VIAF ID: 233721532 (Geographic) Permalink: http://viaf.org/viaf/233721532 Néanmoins, le roi de Danemark continue à execer les fonctions du duc dans le cadre du royaume-uni danois. Blazon reference: Jiri Louda, Les Dynasties d'Europe, 1981, page 44: Date: 29 June 2008: Artist: Odejea. In the Peace of Prague, the victorious Prussians annexed both Schleswig and Holstein, creating the province of Schleswig-Holstein. This caused a conflict between Denmark and the German states over Schleswig and Holstein, which led to the Schleswig-Holstein Question of the 19th century. This was an anomaly[dubious – discuss] – a king holding a ducal title of which he as king was the fount and liege lord. En 1866, Bismarck, Premier ministre prussien, dénonçant une mauvaise gestion autrichienne dans le duché de Holstein, déclenche la guerre austro-prussienne. Even though many Danish nationalists, such as the National Liberal ideologue and agitator Orla Lehmann, used the name "Schleswig", it began to assume a clear German nationalist character in the mid 19th century – especially when included in the combined term "Schleswig-Holstein". In 1805 all serfdom was abolished and land tenure reforms allowed former peasants to own their own farms.[6]. Other resolutions: 320 × 213 pixels | 640 × 427 pixels | 800 × 533 pixels | 1,024 × 683 pixels | 1,280 × 853 pixels. Coat of arms created for the Blazon Project of the French Wikipedia. The discovery came during excavations in Schleswig. Un deuxième protocole est signé en 1852, qui accorde la succession des Duchés aux Danois, tout en garantissant l'autonomie de ceux-ci. [8] Thus, two referenda were held in 1920, resulting in the partition of the region. [Phot. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Portail du Saint-Empire romain germanique, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duché_de_Schleswig&oldid=175648540, Portail:Saint-Empire romain germanique/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. From early medieval times, the area's significance lay in being the buffer province of Scandinavia and the Danish Realm towards the powerful Holy Roman Empire to the south, as well as being a transit area for the transfer of goods between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, connecting the trade route through Russia with the trade routes along the Rhine and the Atlantic coast (see also Kiel Canal). Schleswig (ville) Husum (ville) Neumünster; Heide (Allemagne) Modèle:Duché de Holstein-Gottorp; Modèle:Country data Duché de Holstein-Gottorp; Modèle:Duché de Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp; Modèle:Country data Duché de Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp; Használata itt: … La paix est finalement signée à Berlin le 2 juillet 1850, un mois plus tard le protocole de Londres est signé, réhabilitant les distinctions entre les duchés et le royaume du Danemark. Deux garçons, Peter et Laust Jensen, accueillent avec soulagement leur père, de retour du champ de bataille. Roman sources place the homeland of the tribe of Jutes north of the river Eider and that of the Angles south of it. During the early Viking Age, Haithabu – Scandinavia's biggest trading centre – was located in this region, which is also the location of the interlocking fortifications known as the Danewerk or Danevirke. La victoire de Sadowa écarte les Autrichiens de la Confédération germanique. Le duché de Schleswig passe alors sous suzeraineté de la Prusse et entre de fait dans la Confédération germanique. La province du Schleswig-Holstein (en allemand : Provinz Schleswig-Holstein) est une province du royaume de Prusse, puis de l'État libre de Prusse, créée en 1867 à la suite de l'annexion par la Prusse des duchés de Schleswig et du Holstein. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. With the introduction of closed fireplaces, the smoking process shifted to special smoking chambers or barns. The Angles in turn bordered the neighbouring Saxons. To produce this cured ham, pork meat is smoked for up to eight weeks over an open fire. The skeletons indicated that the men were bigger proportioned than twentieth-century Danish men. In 1027, Conrad II and Canute the Great again fixed their mutual border at the Eider. This proved to be the case and, from 1948 the Danish population began to shrink again. Le duché de Schleswig (allemand : Herzogtum Schleswig ; danois : Hertugdømmet Slesvig ou Sønderjylland) a existé en tant que vassal du Danemark jusqu'à la guerre des Duchés, en 1864. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Elles choisirent le roi Christian Ier de Danemark, un neveu d'Adolphe VIII. For other uses, see. En 1863, le roi danois Frédéric VII viole le protocole de Londres en étendant la constitution du Danemark aux duchés d'Holstein et de Lauenburg et en entreprenant en mars l'annexion du Schleswig. Danish drama series about the Second Schleswig War fought between the Kingdom of Denmark and the German Confederation. L'étendue de ce duché correspondait à la région allemande actuelle du Schleswig du Sud (districts de Nordfriesland, de Schleswig-Flensburg, une partie de celui de Rendsburg-Eckernförde et ville de Flensburg, ainsi que le comté danois de Sønderjylland). The naming dispute was resolved with the 1920 plebiscites and partition, each side applying its preferred name to the part of the territory remaining in its possession – though both terms can, in principle, still refer to the entire region. This change was caused by a number of factors, most importantly the German defeat and an influx of a large number of refugees from eastern Germany, whose culture and appearance differed from the local Germans, who were mostly descendants of Danish families who had changed their nationality in the 19th century. The Duchy of Schleswig (Danish: Hertugdømmet Slesvig; German: Herzogtum Schleswig; Low German: Hartogdom Sleswig; North Frisian: Härtochduum Slaswik) was a duchy in Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland) covering the area between about 60 km (35 miles) north and 70 km (45 miles) south of the current border between Germany and Denmark. During the 10th century, there were several wars between East Francia and Denmark. Après la guerre des Duchés, Holstein est intégré à la Prusse dans la province du Schleswig-Holstein en 1867. Cependant le problème de fond qu'est l'entrée des Duchés dans la Confédération germaniques reste entier. However, tensions between the two powers culminated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Feudal lordship was combined with technical modernization, and the distinction between unfree labour and paid work was often vague. Le duché de Schleswig resta cependant un vassal danois, tandis que le comté de Holstein demeurait un vassal de l'empereur. Since Holstein was legally part of the German Confederation, and ethnically entirely German with no Danish population, use of that name implied that both provinces should belong to Germany and that their connection with Denmark should be weakened or altogether severed. In the Copenhagen-Bonn declaration of 1955, West Germany (later Germany as a whole) and Denmark promised to uphold the rights of each other's minority population. File:Coat of Arms of the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein.png Commonwealth of Schleswig-Holstein (Mankind Reborn Map Game) File:CV Map of Schleswig-Holstein 1991-present.png Attisé par la conception du nationalisme au XIXe siècle, la « question du Schleswig-Holstein » se déchargea dans les violents affrontements de la première guerre de Schleswig de 1848 jusqu'en 1851. 1851. Abel, having wrested the Danish throne to himself for a brief period, left his duchy to his sons and their successors, who pressed claims to the throne of Denmark for much of the next century, so that the Danish kings were at odds with their cousins, the dukes of Slesvig. En 1815, Holstein devient un État membre de la Confédération germanique. A central element of the German nationalistic claim was the insistence on Schleswig and Holstein being a single, indivisible entity. In 1878, however, Austria went back on this provision, and Denmark recognized in a Treaty of 1907 with Germany that, by the agreement between Austria and Prussia, the frontier between Prussia and Denmark had finally been settled.[7]. The change created a temporary Danish majority in the region and a demand for a new referendum from the Danish population in South Schleswig and some Danish politicians, including prime minister Knud Kristensen. En 1848 les duchés s'insurgent et mettent en place un gouvernement provisoire bénéficiant d'une intervention militaire austro-prussienne destinée à le soutenir : c'est la première guerre des Duchés. In the period 1600 to 1800 the region experienced the growth of manorialism of the sort common in the rye-growing regions of eastern Germany. The manors were large holdings with the work done by feudal peasant farmers. The Duchy of Schleswig (Danish: Hertugdømmet Slesvig; German: Herzogtum Schleswig; Low German: Hartogdom Sleswig; North Frisian: Härtochduum Slaswik) was a duchy in Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland) covering the area between about 60 km (35 miles) north and 70 km (45 miles) south of the current border between Germany and Denmark.The territory has been divided between the two … Le 30 octobre 1864, la Convention de Gastein est finalement signée à Vienne après la défaite de Dybbøl. The southern boundary of Denmark in the region of the Eider River and the Danevirke was a source of continuous dispute. This decision left substantial minorities on both sides of the new border. Northern Schleswig voted by a majority of 75% to join Denmark, whereas Central Schleswig voted by a majority of 80% to remain part of Germany. The territory has been divided between the two countries since 1920, with Northern Schleswig in Denmark and Southern Schleswig in Germany. Prussia and Austria then assumed administration of Schleswig and Holstein respectively under the Gastein Convention of 14 August 1865. However, the nobility responded with a new agricultural system that restored prosperity. This North German ham is a specialty of the Schleswig-Holstein region. Sa superficie était de 9 200 km² environ. But around 1830, some Danes started to re-introduce the archaic term Sønderjylland to emphasize the area's history before its association with Holstein and its connection with the rest of Jutland. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 17 octobre 2020 à 09:50. Politiquement, le Schleswig était un duché vassal du roi du Danemark depuis le XIIe siècle. By the early 1950s, it had nevertheless stabilised at a level four times higher than the pre-war number. This led to the First War of Schleswig.