Although not all countries have ratified the convention,[8] most countries, including the U.S.,[9] accept these customary navigation rules as codified in the Convention. [10] In July 1972, Oman also expanded its territorial sea to 12 nautical miles (22 km) by decree. [21] A U.S. Fifth Fleet spokeswoman said in response that the Fleet was "always ready to counter malevolent actions", whilst Admiral Habibollah Sayyari of the Iranian navy claimed that cutting off oil shipments would be "easy". [12], The Tanker War phase of the Iran–Iraq War started when Iraq attacked the oil terminal and oil tankers at Iran's Kharg Island in early 1984. Entre l'Iran et les États-Unis, la guerre des nerfs se poursuit 01:38. It is widely acknowledged,[weasel words] that even a partial closure of the Strait would wreak havoc on the global oil markets and pose a severe threat to energy security. [72] The Habshan – Fujairah route secures the UAE's energy security and has the advantage of being a ground oil pipeline transportation which is considered the cheapest form of oil transportation and also reduces insurance costs as oil tankers would no longer enter the Persian Gulf. "Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions". I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf", he said. Luft stated that reducing Hormuz traffic "presents the West with a new opportunity to augment its current Iran containment strategy. "Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment". International Security, 2009, p. 190-198. [citation needed], A 2007 report from the Center for Strategic and International Studies also stated that 17 million barrels passed out of the Persian Gulf daily, but that oil flows through the Strait accounted for roughly 40% of all world-traded oil. For our part, we are comfortable that we have in the region sufficient capabilities to honor our commitments to our friends and partners, as well as the international community." Iranian Threats to Close the Strait of Hormuz", "Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran’s Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers", VIDEO: Iran shoots down U.S. military drone over Strait of Hormuz, List of cities, towns and villages in Hormozgan Province, South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field, National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company, DESA - Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company, Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strait_of_Hormuz&oldid=994726380, Bodies of water of the United Arab Emirates, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles using infobox body of water without alt, Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map alt, Articles using infobox body of water without image bathymetry, Articles with disputed statements from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, Articles with minor POV problems from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Mohammed Kookherdi (1997) Kookherd, an Islamic civil at Mehran river, third edition: Dubai, This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 06:28. Il a ajouté que le Qatar est le principal pourvoyeur de terroristes du le monde arabe. Citing looming American sanctions after the U.S withdrew from the JCPOA deal earlier in the year. A series of naval stand-offs between Iranian speedboats and U.S. warships in the Strait of Hormuz occurred in December 2007 and January 2008. [53], Millennium Challenge 2002 was a major war game exercise conducted by the United States armed forces in 2002. Long de 63 km et large de 40 km, … Détroit d'Ormuz à Oman: le Kumzari, langue menacée de disparition 01:17. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. However, since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, a significant part of Iran’s military spending has been allocated to the asymmetric warfare approach of its naval capabilities, the anti-access/ anti-denial (A2/AD) systems. Le détroit d'Ormuz est stratégique dans le commerce maritime du pétrole. [43], In July 2019, a Stena Bulk Tanker, Stena Impero, sailing under a British flag, was boarded and captured by Iranian forces. Une partrouille maritime iranienne dans le détroit d'Ormuz, le 30 avril 2019. La fermeture du détroit d'Ormuz, ne serait-ce que pour une période de deux semaines, entraînerait des conséquences catastrophiques sur l'économie mondiale. Les Etats-Unis, bien que premier producteur mondial et exportateur net de pétrole, ont ainsi importé en 2018 environ 1,4 million de barils/jour de brut ayant passé par le détroit d’Ormuz, soit 7 % de leur consommation. Vidéo - Depuis que deux pétroliers ont été attaqués au milieu du détroit d’Ormuz, le 13 juin, la tension monte entre l’Iran et les Etats-Unis. Le 18 juillet, Donald Trump affirme qu'un navire américain situé dans le détroit d'Ormuz, l'USS Boxer, a détruit un drone iranien qui s'approchait dangereusement de lui. Current Politics and Economics of the Middle East, 2018, p. 139-150. Depuis l’arrivée du président Trump au pouvoir, la tension y est à son comble. Il est particulièrement vulnérable en raison de sa faible largeur, 50 kilomètres environ, et de sa profondeur, qui n’excède pas 60 mètres. If they commit such a stupidity, Tel Aviv and U.S. shipping in the Persian Gulf will be Iran's first targets and they will be burned."[17]. Saeed Kamali Dehghan. [73], In a July 2012 Foreign Policy article, Gal Luft compared Iran and the Strait of Hormuz to the Ottoman Empire and the Dardanelles, a choke point for shipments of Russian grain a century ago. [7] In 2018 alone, 21 million barrels a day were passing through the strait - this means $1.17 billion worth of oil a day, at September 2019 prices. These small attack crafts can be armed with machine guns, torpedoes and anti-ship missiles. Ne pas oublier que les USA sont auto-producteur de 80% de leur consommation de pétrole, ils sont plus gros producteur que l Arabie Saoudite et seront autosuffisants dans quelques années. Les États-Unis accusent l'Iran. Iran possess and produces a variety of naval mines, e.g. The United States and the Middle East". [62] These capabilities are meant to prevent advanced navies or other opponents to operate in the Strait and the Persian Gulf, and would be of particular concern to the U.S.[63] In 2016, it was assessed that Iran’s military strength was weak, even compared to regional rivals. [57][58], Captain John Kirby, a Pentagon spokesman, was quoted in a December 2011 Reuters article: "Efforts to increase tension in that part of the world are unhelpful and counter-productive. Since the first week of April 2020, the operation combines the Dutch frigate Ruyter, the French frigate Forbin, and one french airplane ATLANTIC2 (ATL2). "Iran's Threats, The Strait of Hormuz, and Oil Markets: In brief". [33] These ships operated in the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea off the coast of Iran. He indicated that tensions involving the Strait of Hormuz are leading those currently dependent on shipments from the Persian Gulf to find alternative shipping capabilities. [54], A 2008 article in International Security contended that Iran could seal off or impede traffic in the Strait for a month, and an attempt by the U.S. to reopen it would be likely to escalate the conflict. Principaux ports autour du détroit d’Ormuz. This was said to represent 35% of the world's seaborne oil shipments and 20% of oil traded worldwide. info) Arabic: مَضيق هُرمُز‎ ‎ Maḍīq Hurmuz) is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.It provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean and is one of the world's most strategically important choke points. On 24 January, tensions rose further after the European Union imposed sanctions on Iranian oil. L’Iran, qui se considère comme le gardien du Golfe, dénonce régulièrement la présence de forces étrangères dans la région, notamment la Cinquième flotte des Etats-Unis, stationnée à Bahreïn. Aljazeera. Vous avez choisi de ne pas accepter le dépôt de cookies, notamment les cookies de publicité personnalisée. Atta Kenare, AFP . Insight Turkey, 2019, p. 183-214. [63], • Kilo-class submarines and midget submarines. [19], On 20 March 2009, United States Navy Los Angeles-class submarine USS Hartford collided with the San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock USS New Orleans in the strait. "Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz". [39], In August 2018, Iran test-fired a ballistic missile for the first time in 2018. [63], • A significant fleet of small boats and manpower available, which can be used to manoeuvre around larger vessels in swarming (military) tactics. [13] Saddam Hussein's aim in attacking Iranian shipping was, among other things, to provoke the Iranians to retaliate with extreme measures, such as closing the Strait of Hormuz to all maritime traffic, thereby bringing American intervention. In the last week of July 2008, in the Operation Brimstone,[18] dozens of U.S. and foreign naval ships came to undergo joint exercises for possible military activity in the shallow waters off the coast of Iran. Nous le savons, la fin des années pétrole débouchera forcément sur une guerre. [16], On 8 July 2008, Ali Shirazi, a mid-level clerical aide to Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was quoted by the student news agency ISNA as telling the Revolutionary Guards, "The Zionist regime is pressuring White House officials to attack Iran. [10], Oman has a radar site Link Quality Indicator (LQI) to monitor the TSS in the Strait of Hormuz. The report stated that more than 85% of these crude oil exports went to Asian markets, with Japan, India, South Korea and China the largest destinations. According to the officials, the anti-ship Fateh-110 Mod 3 flew over 100 miles on a flight path over the Strait of Hormuz to a test range in the Iranian desert. [10] Upon signing the convention in December 1982, Iran entered a declaration stating "that only states parties to the Law of the Sea Convention shall be entitled to benefit from the contractual rights created therein", including "the right of transit passage through straits used for international navigation". | [62] Point de passage stratégique : lieu de circulation important pour les différents acteurs en jeu. Le détroit d’Ormuz, situé dans la zone où l’Iran a abattu jeudi 20 juin un drone militaire américain, est un point de passage stratégique pour le commerce mondial de pétrole et au cœur des tensions régionales depuis des décennies. En 2018, environ 21 millions de barils de brut y circulaient quotidiennement, selon l’Agence américaine de l’Energie (EIA). "It was shore-to-shore", said one U.S. official describing the launch, who like the others requested anonymity to discuss sensitive information. Authorities were considering whether to reply, although the contents of the letter were not divulged. Oct 6, 2017 - USS Thorn (DD-988) Spruance-class destroyer named for Lieutenant Jonathan Thorn, (1779-1811). Au sommaire cette semaine, l'escalade militaire dans le détroit d'Ormuz. La tension monte d’un cran dans le détroit d’Ormuz. [52], Iran have a number of options regarding the threats of blocking the Strait of Hormuz. La région du Golfe et du détroit d’Ormuz est une fois de plus au cœur de vives tensions géopolitiques, sur fond de bras de fer entre l’Iran et les Etats-Unis. One U.S. carrier battle group from Japan would complement the two which are already in the Persian Gulf, for a total of five battle groups, not including the submarines. "Traversing the Persian Gauntlet: U.S. The United States Navy and United States Air Force in the Gulf region is far stronger than that of Iran, and while an Iranian attempt to close of the Strait can cause damage, the U.S. is able to defeat it. Le 12 août 2012, il entre en collision avec le pétrolier japonais MV Otowasan dans le détroit d'Ormuz. [46], In May 2020, Iran launched missiles at one of their own ships in a friendly fire accident, killing 19 sailors.[47]. Respectivement capitale économique et politique notoires des Emirats, ce … International Security, 2008. Les récentes attaques de tankers en mer d’Oman puis l’épisode du drone américain abattu attisent le spectre de perturbations significatives du trafic et de déstabilisation du marché pétrolier : le cours du baril de WTI s’est ainsi envolé de quelque 6 % jeudi à New York. Le détroit d’Ormuz, qui relie le golfe Persique au golfe d’Oman, est situé entre l’Iran et le sultanat d’Oman. Ould Abdelaziz a comparé le Qatar et ce qu’il a fait aux pays arabes à l’Allemagne Nazie et à ce qu’elle a occasionnée aux pays européens. [35] "If any disruption happens regarding the sale of Iranian oil, the Strait of Hormuz will definitely be closed," Mohammad Kossari, deputy head of parliament's foreign affairs and national security committee, told the semi-official Fars News Agency. Pour les pays consommateurs, il paraît difficile de trouver une alternative, en volume comme en qualité, aux bruts extraits de la région du Golfe. "[29], The Iranian Foreign Ministry confirmed on 16 January 2012 that it has received a letter from the United States concerning the Strait of Hormuz, "via three different channels." This was the first visit by a Prime Minister of Japan in 40 years. [10] Thus, by mid-1972, the Strait of Hormuz was completely "closed" by the combined territorial waters of Iran and Oman. Tensions between the United States and Iran have been at their height since an American surveillance drone was shot down last week by Iranian forces. Le détroit d’Ormuz, zone sous hautes tensions. It has a maximum capacity of around 2 million barrels per day, over three-quarters of the UAE's 2012 production rate. The strait is about 90 nautical miles (167 km) long, with a width varying from about 52 nautical miles (96 km) to 21 nautical miles (39 km). Iran’s use of its territorial advantages in the Strait of Hormuz is therefore more effective as a threat, than if a complete or partial closure of the Strait is actually executed. La nouvelle a immédiatement entraîné un bond de 4% des cours du brut. bottom-moored contact mines; moored and bottom-influence mines; drifting mines and remotely controlled mines. During the 1970s, neither Iran or Oman attempted to impede the passage of warships through the strait, but in the 1980s, both countries asserted claims that were different from customary (old) law. U.S. forces sank one frigate, one gunboat, and up to six armed speedboats, as well as seriously damaging a second frigate. On 18 April 1988, the U.S. Navy waged a one-day battle against Iranian forces in and around the strait. Examples of these are as follows: • Coastal air defences, long-range artillery and anti-ship missiles. [51] In terms of the international opinion, the threat of closing the Strait can severely damage Iran’s relations to states who are engaging with them economically. Détroit d'Ormuz : il se situe dans le golfe Arabo-Persique, au Moyen-Orient. 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Cela représente environ 21 % de la consommation mondiale de pétrole et un tiers du brut transitant par voie maritime dans le monde. June 24th, 2019 Leo Malden No Comment News détroit d'Ormuz, Iran, United airlines, USA 907 views. [24], The U.S. Navy spokesman Commander Bill Speaks quickly responded that deployment of U.S. military assets would continue as has been the custom stating: "The U.S. Navy operates under international maritime conventions to maintain a constant state of high vigilance in order to ensure the continued, safe flow of maritime traffic in waterways critical to global commerce. [56], In December 2011, Iran's navy began a ten-day exercise in international waters along the strait. The collision, which slightly injured 15 sailors aboard Hartford, ruptured a fuel tank aboard New Orleans, spilling 25,000 US gallons (95 m3) of marine diesel fuel. On 28 April 2015, IRGCN patrol boats contacted the Marshall Islands-flagged container ship Maersk Tigris, which was westbound through the strait, and directed the ship to proceed further into Iranian territorial waters, according to a spokesman for the U.S. Defense Department. Au lendemain de la destruction d'un drone par un navire américain au dessus du détroit d'Ormuz, Téhéran a «confisqué» un pétrolier britannique dans cette zone sous haute tension. Il est l’une des zones stratégiques les plus fébriles de la planète. Current Politics and Economics of the Middle East, 2018, p. 139-150. [1] On the north coast lies Iran, and on the south coast the United Arab Emirates and Musandam, an exclave of Oman. A senior member of Iran's parliament said that the Islamic Republic would close the entry point to the Persian Gulf if new sanctions block its oil exports. Gresh, Geoffrey. "Iran's Asymmetric Naval Warfare". This followed more ambiguous threats from Iran's oil minister and other government officials that an attack on Iran would result in turmoil in the world's oil supply. Iran subsequently denied the accusations, calling the incident a false-flag attack. At the upper end of this gulf there is a market-town designated by law called Apologus, situated near Charaex Spasini and the River Euphrates. "[70], Strait between the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, 2019 U.S.–Iran tensions and attacks on oil tankers, Iran's Anti-Access/Area-Denial capabilities.