Celui-ci est très âgé et n'a pas d'héritier. Les trois empereurs flaviens tentent de rétablir l'équilibre économique et militaire de l'Empire, affaibli par les derniers empereurs Julio-Claudiens et par la guerre civile de 69. Son règne débute en 27 av. Toutefois, vers l'an 500, à la suite de sa victoire face aux Ostrogoths, le roi des Francs Clovis Ier reçut le titre de consul des Romains de la part de l'empereur d'Orient. Seemed to be saying: 'Lord, avenge my son, Quelques renseignements inobservés (Jean d'Ephèse, Anthologie Grecque XVI 72)". As a civilian administrator, Trajan is best known for his extensive public building program, which reshaped the city of Rome and left numerous enduring landmarks such as Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column. Gsell, "Étude sur le rôle politique du Sénat Romain à l'époque de Trajan". Cette dernière a apporté une stabilité certaine à l'empire et cette période du IIe siècle a été qualifiée de « siècle d'or ». As all four consulars were senators of the highest standing and as such generally regarded as able to take imperial power (capaces imperii), Hadrian seems to have decided on a preemptive strike against these prospective rivals. [231] Another hypothesis is that the rulers of Charax had expansionist designs on Parthian Babylon, giving them a rationale for alliance with Trajan. [236] However, all the other territories conquered by Trajan were retained. [105], Trajan is known particularly for his conquests in the Near East, but initially for the two wars against Dacia – the reduction to client kingdom (101–102), followed by actual incorporation into the Empire of the trans-Danube border group of Dacia – an area that had troubled Roman thought for over a decade with the unstable peace negotiated by Domitian's ministers with the powerful Dacian king Decebalus. Notable structures include the Baths of Trajan, Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Column, Trajan's Bridge, Alcántara Bridge, Porto di Traiano of Portus, the road and canal around the Iron Gates (see conquest of Dacia), and possibly the Alconétar Bridge. Les historiens ont donné le nom d'Antonin le Pieux (Antoninus Pius) à la dynastie. [227][228], He continued southward to the Persian Gulf, when, after escaping with his fleet a tidal bore on the Tigris,[229] he received the submission of Athambelus, the ruler of Charax. EUR 22,50. FAQ E-auctions Son successeur Trajan, fils d'un soldat romain établi à Italica (Espagne), devenu gouverneur de Germanie supérieure, va brillamment poursuivre son oeuvre. Non-literary sources such as archaeology, epigraphy, and numismatics are also useful for reconstructing his reign. [156], In 107 Trajan devalued the Roman currency. Trajan was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in present-day Spain, an Italic settlement in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica. J.-C., 116 (71%) sont morts de mort violente. Trajan died on 9 August A.D. 117, after suffering a stroke, in the Cilician town of Selinus. [89] As Pliny said in one of his letters at the time, it was official policy that Greek civic elites be treated according to their status as notionally free but not put on an equal footing with their Roman rulers. Dikla Rivlin Katz, Noah Hacham, Geoffrey Herman, Lilach Sagiv, Z. Yavetz, "The Urban Plebs in the Days of the Flavians, Nerva and Trajan". Royauté romaine753 – 509 av. Roman authorities liked to play the Greek cities against one another[70] – something of which Dio of Prusa was fully aware: [B]y their public acts [the Roman governors] have branded you as a pack of fools, yes, they treat you just like children, for we often offer children the most trivial things in place of things of greatest worth [...] In place of justice, in place of the freedom of the cities from spoliation or from the seizure of the private possessions of their inhabitants, in place of their refraining from insulting you [...] your governors hand you titles, and call you 'first' either by word of mouth or in writing; that done, they may thenceforth with impunity treat you as being the very last! [248] After re-taking and burning Seleucia, Trajan then formally deposed Osroes, putting Parthamaspates on the throne as client ruler. 23 janvier 98 Trajan devient empereur de Rome Marcus Ulpius Trajanus est proclamé empereur romain à la mort de Nerva. [158], Another important act was his formalisation of the alimenta, a welfare program that helped orphans and poor children throughout Italy. [77] It is noteworthy that an embassy from Dio's city of Prusa was not favorably received by Trajan,[78] and that this had to do with Dio's chief objective, which was to elevate Prusa to the status of a free city, an "independent" city-state exempt from paying taxes to Rome. [102] On the local level, among the lower section of the Eastern propertied,[103] the alienation of most Greek notables and intellectuals towards Roman rule, and the fact that the Romans were seen by most such Greek notables as aliens, persisted well after Trajan's reign. It was at this point that Trajan's health started to fail him. Also, Trajan withdrew from circulation silver denarii minted before the previous devaluation achieved by Nero, something that allows for thinking that Trajan's devaluation had to do with political ends, such as allowing for increased civil and military spending. La dynastie des Julio-Claudiens règne du début de l'Empire en 27 av. Kiểm tra các bản dịch 'trajan' sang Tiếng Việt. [298] It is in modern French historiography that Trajan's reputation becomes most markedly deflated: Paul Petit writes about Trajan's portraits as a "lowbrow boor with a taste for booze and boys". Among medieval Christian theologians, Trajan was considered a virtuous pagan. Jules César est parfois à tort considéré comme le premier empereur de la dynastie, par son appartenance à la gens des Iulii, alors qu'il est nommé dictateur à vie de la République romaine et imperator à titre militaire. EUR 7,90. In the West, that meant local senatorial families like his own. [211] At the same time, a Roman column under the legate Lusius Quietus – an outstanding cavalry general[212] who had signaled himself during the Dacian Wars by commanding a unit from his native Mauretania[213] – crossed the Araxes river from Armenia into Media Atropatene and the land of the Mardians (present-day Ghilan). Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Pliny the Younger, for example, celebrates Trajan in his panegyric as a wise and just emperor and a moral man. Les peuples gothiques se regroupèrent en une ... en 105 par l’Empereur Trajan, prédécesseur auquel Trajan Dèce se rattache et région dont il est issu. In contrast, his successor Hadrian would stress the notion of the empire as ecumenical and of the Emperor as universal benefactor and not kosmocrator. Trajan sought to deal with this by forsaking direct Roman rule in Parthia proper, at least partially. HISTOIRE DES ARTS 6EME Fiche : Monnaie de l’empereur Trajan (Rome) II ème siècle av. Son père suivit toutes les étapes de la politique romaine jusqu'au sénat. [14] Trajan himself was just one of many well-known Ulpii in a line that continued long after his own death. Mais Trajan est avant tout un empereur militaire, connu pour ses deux guerres contre les Daces (Roumanie) qui se soldent en 106-107 par le suicide du roi Décébale et la réduction de la Dacie en province impériale (reliefs de la Colonne Trajane à Rome). Their military function fulfilled, most of them fell into disrepair or were wrecked on purpose after Trajan's reign: cf. He commissioned either the creation or enlargement of the road along the Iron Gates, carved into the side of the gorge. [129] Additionally, Trajan commissioned a canal to be built around the rapids of the Iron Gates. Après sa mort le 15 mars 44 av. [90] When the city of Apamea complained of an audit of its accounts by Pliny, alleging its "free" status as a Roman colony, Trajan replied by writing that it was by his own wish that such inspections had been ordered. [4], As far as ancient literary sources are concerned, an extant continuous account of Trajan's reign does not exist. [189] He had recruited Palmyrene units into his army, including a camel unit,[190] therefore apparently procuring Palmyrene support to his ultimate goal of annexing Charax. The fortress city of Hatra, on the Tigris in his rear, continued to hold out against repeated Roman assaults. Serving as a legatus legionis in Hispania Tarraconensis, in 89 Trajan supported Domitian against a revolt on the Rhine led by Antonius Saturninus. The Bodleian Libraries at the University of Oxford is the largest university library system in the United Kingdom. 1–35. [271], Aware that the Parthian campaign was an enormous setback, and that it revealed that the Roman Empire had no means for an ambitious program of conquests,[118] Hadrian's first act as emperor was to abandon – outwardly out of his own free will[272][273] – the distant and indefensible Mesopotamia and to restore Armenia, as well as Osrhoene, to the Parthian hegemony under Roman suzerainty. However, the overall scarcity of manpower for the Roman military establishment meant that the campaign was doomed from the start. Cet article présente la liste des empereurs romains depuis Auguste jusqu'à la déposition de Romulus Augustule. [251] Another rebellion flared up among the Jewish communities of Northern Mesopotamia, probably part of a general reaction against Roman occupation. Denier de vespasien. [289], It was only during the Enlightenment that this legacy began to be contested, when Edward Gibbon expressed doubts about the militarized character of Trajan's reign in contrast to the "moderate" practices of his immediate successors. Fils adoptif et héritier d'Antonin le Pieux. [80], Eventually, it fell to Pliny, as imperial governor of Bithynia in 110 AD, to deal with the consequences of the financial mess wrought by Dio and his fellow civic officials. Marcus Ulpius Trajanus tel est le nom du dernier empereur Romain conquérant. A propos de la guerre parthique de Trajan. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for COLLOQUE EMPEREURS ROMAINS ESPAGNE 1965 SEVILLE TRAJAN HADRIEN CULTE IMPERIAL at the best online prices at eBay! He decreased the silver purity of the denarius from 93.5% to 89% – the actual silver weight dropping from 3.04 grams to 2.88 grams. [48] The whole idea was that Trajan wielded autocratic power through moderatio instead of contumacia – moderation instead of insolence. Vespasien est le dernier empereur de l'année des quatre empereurs (69) et le fondateur de la dynastie des Flaviens. [22] There are hints, however, in contemporary literary sources that Trajan's adoption was imposed on Nerva. [154], One of Trajan's notable acts during this period was the hosting of a three-month gladiatorial festival in the great Colosseum in Rome (the precise date is unknown). [116] Trajan returned to Rome in triumph and was granted the title Dacicus. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 8 novembre 2020 à 13:31. Trajan and a colleague of his, Publius Acilius Attianus, became co-guardians of the two children. Sa construction, ayant duré 15 ans, a démarré sous le règne de l'Empereur Claude et a dû s'achever sous Trajan. Some historians also attribute the construction of the Babylon fortress in Egypt to Trajan;[277] the remains of the fort is what is now known as the Church of Mar Girgis and its surrounding buildings. The slab, dated to the year 101, commemorates the building of at least one canal that went from the Kasajna tributary to at least Ducis Pratum, whose embankments were still visible until recently. His health declined throughout the spring and summer of 117, something publicly acknowledged by the fact that a bronze bust displayed at the time in the public baths of Ancyra showed him clearly aged and emaciated. Trajan's war against the Parthian Empire ended with the sack of the capital Ctesiphon and the annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia. After having appointed Hadrian his successor, Trajan died while returning to Italy from the east. [106] According to the provisions of this treaty, Decebalus was acknowledged as rex amicus, that is, client king; nevertheless, in exchange for accepting client status, he received a generous stipend from Rome, as well as being supplied with technical experts. [269] In addition Hadrian was born in Hispania and seems to have been well connected with the powerful group of Spanish senators influential at Trajan's court through his ties to Plotina and the Prefect Attianus. 353, 354 Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Montag 09 November 2020 von 14:00 (Paris) Schauen Sie alle Elemente der Auktion. Although frequently designated the first provincial emperor, his In order to build his forum and the adjacent brick market that also held his name Trajan had vast areas of the surrounding Capitoline and Quirinal hills leveled. 1. In late 117, while sailing back to Rome, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus. [266] He probably did not take part in the Parthian War. Histoire avant 1830 . en latin Marcus Ulpius Traianus. [119][121] By 105, the concentration of Roman troops assembled in the middle and lower Danube amounted to fourteen legions (up from nine in 101) – about half of the entire Roman army. la Justice de Trajan Il est un épisode légendaire dans la vie de l'empereur romain Trajan, D'après le rapport de Cassio Dioné (Epitome, livre LXVIII, ch 10. L'éducation avant de devenir empereur. Trajan a gravi la carrière des honneurs jusqu'au consulat en 91. Trajan est facilement reconnu empereur, en particulier par les militaires (chef apprécié) et les provinciaux (étant un des leurs). Trajan Dèce, un empereur face aux barbares À l’évocation du nom de Trajan Dèce, que vous vient-il à l’esprit ? Syme, R., 1971. [157] This devaluation, coupled with the massive amount of gold and silver carried off after Trajan's Dacian Wars, allowed the emperor to mint a larger quantity of denarii than his predecessors. Issu d'une famille provinciale (il était originaire d'Espagne), Trajan, avant de devenir princeps, avait gravi les échelons de sa carrière en privilégiant les charges militaires : jeune officier, commandant de légion, gouverneur dans des province… A la mort de Nerva, Trajan devint le maître de l’Empire. The post seems to have been conceived partly as a reward for senators who had chosen to make a career solely on the Emperor's behalf. [17] Around this time Trajan brought Apollodorus of Damascus with him to Rome[18] and also married Pompeia Plotina, a noble woman from the Roman settlement at Nîmes; the marriage ultimately remained childless. [65] The main goal was to curb the overenthusiastic spending on public works that served to channel ancient rivalries between neighboring cities. Such titles were ordered in a ranking system that determined how the cities were to be outwardly treated by Rome. République romaine509 – 27 av. [140], The main regional effort of urbanization was concentrated by Trajan at the rearguard, in Moesia, where he created the new cities of Nicopolis ad Istrum and Marcianopolis. [79] Eventually, Dio gained for Prusa the right to become the head of the assize-district, conventus (meaning that Prusans did not have to travel to be judged by the Roman governor), but eleutheria (freedom, in the sense of full political autonomy) was denied. Marko Aurelije, konjička statua, bronza, 161-180 . [53] This title had mostly to do with Trajan's role as benefactor, such as in the case of him returning confiscated property. In the East, that meant the families of Greek notables. [128] Trajan also reformed the infrastructure of the Iron Gates region of the Danube. Trajan gouvernera toujours en étroite collaboration avec le Sénat, ce qui lui vaudra l’appui de ce dernier. Enfin, il nomme ses deux fils, Titus et Domitien, Césars (en faisant ainsi ses héritiers), le court règne de Titus (2 ans) étant suivi par celui de son frère jusqu'à son assassinat en 96 qui marque la fin de la dynastie. Trajan did likewise, but since "willingness is a slippery commodity", Finley suspects that, in order to ensure Italian landowners' acceptance of the burden of borrowing from the alimenta fund, some "moral" pressure was exerted. [204] Alternatively, one can explain the campaign by the fact that, for the Romans, their empire was in principle unlimited, and that Trajan only took advantage of an opportunity to make idea and reality coincide. J.-C. par un mélange de vétérans et de soldats romains et alliés italiens blessés ou malades de l'armée de Scipion l'Africain. Histoire des Juifs, Troisième période, I – Chapitre III – Soulèvement des Judéens sous Trajan et Adrien, Fritz Heichelheim, Cedric Veo, Allen Ward,(1984) History of the Roman People, p. 382, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, "Trajan was, in fact, quite active in Egypt. Sur cinq empereurs, seulement deux meurent de cause naturelle. Les années 68 et 69 correspondent à une nouvelle guerre civile romaine, opposant entre eux des citoyens romains. [250][258], In contrast, the next prominent Roman figure in charge of the repression of the Jewish revolt, the equestrian Quintus Marcius Turbo, who had dealt with the rebel leader from Cyrene, Loukuas,[259] retained Hadrian's trust, eventually becoming his Praetorian Prefect. [239] No attempt was made to expand into the Iranian Plateau itself, where the Roman army, with its relative weakness in cavalry, would have been at a disadvantage. Sa titulature, longue , vu son exceptionnelle carrière , s’étudie en fac et aussi après , en …6ème ! L'Empire romain d'Occident disparaît en 476 lorsque son dernier empereur, Romulus Augustule, est déposé par Odoacre. Les cinq premiers empereurs sont surnommés les « Cinq bons Empereurs »[4]. The next few emperors reconfigured or ignored it, and in 104 Trajan reused the palace’s walls and vaults to create a suitable foundation for his famous baths. He was deified by the Senate and his ashes were laid to rest under the Trajan's Column. Trajan (empereur romain, 0053-0117) : œuvres (1 716 ressources dans data.bnf.fr) Œuvres numismatiques (1 707) [11], As a young man, he rose through the ranks of the Roman army, serving in some of the most contested parts of the Empire's frontier. [162] Given its limited scope, the plan was, nevertheless, very successful in that it lasted for a century and a half: the last known official in charge of it is attested during the reign of Aurelian. Brian Campbell, "War and Diplomacy: Rome & Parthia 31 BC - AD 235". Car Trajan, 98-117 AD. He declared Babylon a new province of the Empire and had his statue erected on the shore of the Persian Gulf,[230] after which he sent the Senate a laurelled letter declaring the war to be at a close and bemoaning that he was too old to go on any further and repeat the conquests of Alexander the Great. [35] There remained the issue of the strained relations between the emperor and the Senate, especially after the supposed bloodiness that had marked Domitian's reign and his dealings with the Curia. [117], The peace of 102 had returned Decebalus to the condition of more or less harmless client king; however, he soon began to rearm, to again harbor Roman runaways, and to pressure his Western neighbors, the Iazyges Sarmatians, into allying themselves with him. [55][56] In his third kingship oration, Dio describes an ideal king ruling by means of "friendship" – that is, through patronage and a network of local notables who act as mediators between the ruled and the ruler. In: Maricq: A precise description of events in Judea at the time being impossible, due to the non-historical character of the Jewish (rabbinic) sources, and the silence of the non-Jewish ones: William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz, eds.. Christer Bruun, "the Spurious 'Expeditio Ivdaeae' under Trajan". In a fierce campaign which seems to have consisted mostly of static warfare, the Dacians, devoid of maneuvering room, kept to their network of fortresses, which the Romans sought systematically to storm[132] (see also Second Dacian War). He was personally present at the siege, and it is possible that he suffered a heat stroke while in the blazing heat. Trajan. Discours latins > Ouvrages avant 1800. Vérifiez les traductions 'empereur' en Hébreu. FAQ E-auctions [18] Hadrian was then retained on the Rhine frontier by Trajan as a military tribune, becoming privy to the circle of friends and relations with which Trajan surrounded himself – among them the then governor of Germania Inferior, the Spaniard Lucius Licinius Sura, who became Trajan's chief personal adviser and official friend. [125] The empire gained what became the province of Arabia Petraea (modern southern Jordan and north west Saudi Arabia). Monnaie Romaine Bronze Empereur Constantin II IVème siècle après JC Roman Coin. "Les derniers travaux des historiens roumains sur la Dacie". Cherchez des exemples de traductions empereur dans des phrases, écoutez à la prononciation et apprenez la grammaire. Au vieux et sage Nerva (96-98) succèdent Trajan (98-117), Hadrien (117-138), Antonin le Pieux (138-161), Marc Aurèle (161-180) et Commode (180-192). Octavian was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, and then took the name Gaius Julius Caesar. Il est difficile d'établir le nombre précis d'empereurs romains de 27 av. [40] In a speech at the inauguration of his third consulship, on 1 January 100, Trajan exhorted the Senate to share the care-taking of the Empire with him – an event later celebrated on a coin. Cassius Dio added that he always remained dignified and fair. [58], As a senatorial Emperor, Trajan was inclined to choose his local base of political support from among the members of the ruling urban oligarchies. So he said: 'Now be comforted, for I must Download this stock image: Antiquite romaine, guerres daciques de Trajan, le roi dace Decebale (Decebal ou Decebalus ou Diurpaneus) depose les armes aux pieds de l'empereur roma - 2BRJNC0 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. [175] The fact that the alimenta were begun during and after the Dacian Wars and twice came on the heels of a distribution of money to the population of Rome (congiaria) following Dacian triumphs, points towards a purely charitable motive. In 76–77, Trajan's father was Governor of Syria (Legatus pro praetore Syriae), where Trajan himself remained as Tribunus legionis. May you rule fortunate like Augustus and better than Trajan. Durant près de trois cents ans, les Romains ont cherché à s'imposer en Mésopotamie au détriment de l'empire des Parthes. claim that it was his wife Pompeia Plotina who assured the succession to Hadrian by keeping his death secret and afterwards hiring someone to impersonate Trajan by speaking with a tired voice behind a curtain, well after Trajan had died. [110], In May of 101, Trajan launched his first campaign into the Dacian kingdom,[111] crossing to the northern bank of the Danube and defeating the Dacian army at Tapae (see Second Battle of Tapae), near the Iron Gates of Transylvania. Dante accepted this, as Aquinas before him, and places Trajan in Paradise (Paradiso XX.44-8).". Enfin, il convient de distinguer la période du Principat où les empereurs se comportent plus ou moins comme Auguste, c'est-à-dire comme des magistrats (à quelques exceptions notables) et la période du Dominat où les institutions de Dioclétien et de Constantin transforment profondément le rôle d'empereur, le faisant passer de primus inter pares à dominus et deus, « maître et dieu », entérinant ainsi l'évolution de fait liée à la crise du troisième siècle.