The Freikorps units were formally disbanded in 1920 (although continued to exist in underground groups), and on 1 January 1921, a new Reichswehr (figuratively; Defence of the realm) was created. Further pressure from the political right came in 1923 with the Beer Hall Putsch, also called the Munich Putsch, staged by the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler in Munich. The ensuing street fighting left several dead and injured on both sides. In 1924, a modern public assistance programme was introduced, and in 1925 the accident insurance programme was reformed, allowing diseases that were linked to certain kinds of work to become insurable risks. The hitherto Presidential Dictatorship hereby was to give itself a new legal form. High unemployment led to the collapse of the coalition government and from March 1930 various chancellors ruled through emergency powers granted by the President. [citation needed], Princeton historian Harold James argues that there was a clear link between economic decline and people turning to extremist politics.[69]. On 29 October, rebellion broke out in Kiel among sailors. Such support would publicly signal a return to conservatism to curb the problems affecting the Weimar Republic, and that stability might be at hand. This Act would, and did, lead Hitler and the NSDAP toward his goal of unfettered dictatorial powers.[61]. En raison des circonstances exceptionnelles, il est désigné par l'Assemblée et ne sera jamais légitimé par le suffrage universel comme le prévoit la Constitution de Weimar. [36] Germany signed arbitration conventions with France and Belgium and arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, undertaking to refer any future disputes to an arbitration tribunal or to the Permanent Court of International Justice. Dès la nuit qui a suivi son accession à la chancellerie du Reich, le 9 novembre 1918, Friedrich Ebert conclut un accord secret avec l'armée pour mettre fin aux désordres. The national government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike against the putsch. After the dissolution of the army of the former German Empire, known as the Deutsches Heer (simply "German Army") or the Reichsheer ("Army of the Realm") in 1918; Germany's military forces consisted of irregular paramilitaries, namely the various right-wing Freikorps ("Free Corps") groups composed of veterans from the war. He appointed as Reichswehr Minister Kurt von Schleicher, and all the members of the new cabinet were of the same political opinion as Hindenburg. The rebels were campaigning for an extension of the plans to nationalise major industries and supported the national government, but the SPD leaders did not want to lend support to the growing USPD, who favoured the establishment of a socialist regime. To avoid the ongoing fights in Berlin, the National Assembly convened in the city of Weimar, giving the future Republic its unofficial name. It effectively ended military operations between the Allies and Germany. Explaining the rise of extreme nationalist movements in Germany shortly after the war, British historian Ian Kershaw points to the "national disgrace" that was "felt throughout Germany at the humiliating terms imposed by the victorious Allies and reflected in the Versailles Treaty...with its confiscation of territory on the eastern border and even more so its 'guilt clause'. From 1924 to 1929, the Republic enjoyed relative stability and prosperity. The continuity of pain showed the Weimar authority in a negative light, and public opinion was one of the main sources behind its failure.[29]. Although in retreat, the German armies were still on French and Belgian territory when the war ended on 11 November. A decree on 3 February 1919 removed the right of employers to acquire exemption for domestic servants and agricultural workers. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British and French forces. Likewise, American progressive architects were admired. The Weimar Constitution created a republic under a parliamentary republic system with the Reichstag elected by proportional representation. La République de Weimar est le nom donné par les historiens à la république fédérale située en Allemagne existant de 1918 à 1933.. Fondation [modifier | modifier le wikicode]. Wolfgang Elz, "Foreign policy" in Anthony McElligott, ed., American Journal of Care for Cripples, Volume 8, Douglas C. McMurtrie, 1919, AQA History: The Development of Germany, 1871–1925 by Sally Waller. The ceremony helped convince the "old guard" Prussian military elite of Hitler's homage to their long tradition and, in turn, produced the relatively convincing view that Hitler's government had the support of Germany's traditional protector—the Army. [citation needed]. République de Weimar Le maréchal Hindenburg Le maréchal Hindenburg. ", National Library of Israel.org: Weimar Republic collection, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weimar_Republic&oldid=995449634, States and territories disestablished in 1933, States and territories established in 1918, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from June 2020, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2011, Articles needing additional references from December 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Articles needing additional references from October 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Articles with German-language sources (de), Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, During the Weimar Republic, it was accepted that a law did not have to conform to the constitution as long as it had the support of two-thirds of parliament, the same majority needed to change the constitution (, Graf, Rüdiger. He did not even want their support for the bill. The ceremonial opening of the Reichstag on 21 March was held at the Garrison Church in Potsdam, a shrine of Prussianism, in the presence of many Junker landowners and representatives of the imperial military caste. Lorsqu'il apparaît aux militaires que la guerre est perdue, l'OHL demande qu'un nouveau gouvernement soit formé (le gouvernement civil existait déjà puisqu'au début de la guerre, cela avait été Bethmann-Hollweg, le chancelier au « chiffon de papier » ; il a… [14] Doepler's design then became the Reichsschild (Reich's escutcheon) with restricted use such as pennant for government vehicles. They wanted a renewed Germany and a new organisation of German society. Berlin intellectuals responded by condemning the excesses of what they considered capitalism, and demanding revolutionary changes on the cultural scenery. Since Weimar politicians had been blamed for the Dolchstoß ("stab-in-the-back"), a widely believed theory that Germany's surrender in the First World War had been the unnecessary act of traitors, the popular legitimacy of the government was on shaky ground. Under the Locarno Treaties, signed in 1925, Germany moved toward normalizing relations with its neighbors. [33], In 1919, one loaf of bread cost 1 mark; by 1923, the same loaf of bread cost 100 billion marks. In 1935, two years after Hitler came to power, the Reichswehr was renamed the Wehrmacht. Depuis 1916, l'Empire allemand est gouverné par les militaires de Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL, commandement suprême de l'armée), avec comme chef d'État-major Paul von Hindenburg qui forme avec Erich Ludendorff un duo désigné sous le nom de dioscures. Le 6 février 1919, trois mois après l'armistice qui a mis fin à la Grande Guerre (1914-1918), une Assemblée constituante allemande se réunit dans le théâtre de Weimar, la ville de Goethe et Schiller, illustres représentants de l'âme allemande ! Social tensions, political struggles, social upheavals, as well as artistic revolutions and innovations characterize the Weimar Republic. In 1928, however, the Reichswappen (Reich coat of arms) designed by Tobias Schwab (1887–1967) in 1926 (or 1924[15]) replaced it as the official emblem for the German Olympic team. At the time, the Socialist movement which represented mostly labourers was split among two major left-wing parties: the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), which called for immediate peace negotiations and favoured a soviet-style command economy, and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) also known as "Majority" Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD), which supported the war effort and favoured a parliamentary system. This also led to pay raises for workers and for businessmen who wanted to profit from it. Hitler, however, assured his coalition partners that arrests would resume after the elections and, in fact, some 26 SPD Social Democrats were physically removed. The Freikorps was an army outside the control of the government, but they were in close contact with their allies in the Reichswehr. Examples include the nationwide pig slaughter, Schweinemord, in 1915. Military-industrial activity had almost ceased, although controlled demobilisation kept unemployment at around one million. When American banks withdrew their line of credit to German companies, the onset of severe unemployment could not be abated by conventional economic measures. Those attempts were put down by paramilitary Freikorps units consisting of volunteer soldiers. On 11 November 1918, an armistice was signed at Compiègne by German representatives. Friedrich Ebert initially declared the official German coat of arms to be a design by Emil Doepler (shown in the first infobox above) as of 12 November 1919, following a decision of the German government.[14]. It empowered the cabinet to legislate without the approval of the Reichstag or the President, and to enact laws that were contrary to the constitution. Entités précédentes : * Empire allemand Entités suivantes : * Deuxième République de Pologne (1919) * Drapeau du Danemark Danemark (Jutland-du-Sud) (1920) * Drapeau de l'Allemagne nazie Reich allemand La république de Weimar (en allemand : Weimarer Republik [ˈvaɪ.ma.ʁɐ ʁe.pu.ˈbliːk] ) est le nom donné par les historiens au régime politique en place en Allemagne de 1918 à 1933. With the ascendance of the SS, the Reichswehr took a softer line about the Nazis, as the SS presented itself as elitist, respectable, orderly, and busy reforming and dominating the police rather than the army. English: After the swearing-in of the first president of Reich in Weimar: ... Weimar: Date: 21 August 1919 In 1926, Germany was admitted to the League of Nations as a permanent member, improving her international standing and giving the right to vote on League matters. The 6 November 1932 elections yielded 33% for the Nazis,[60] two million voters fewer than in the previous election. Ludendorff and Hitler declared that the Weimar government was deposed and that they were planning to take control of Munich the following day. On 29 March 1930, after months of lobbying by General Kurt von Schleicher on behalf of the military, the finance expert Heinrich Brüning was appointed as Müller's successor by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg. This was the "stab-in-the-back myth" that was unceasingly propagated by the right in the 1920s and ensured that many monarchists and conservatives would refuse to support the government of what they called the "November criminals". The repression of an uprising of SPD supporters by the reactionary forces in the Freikorps on the instructions of the SPD ministers was to become a major source of conflict within the socialist movement and thus contributed to the weakening of the only group that could have withstood the Nazi movement. A l'époque de la République de Weimar, le cinéma allemand était mondialement renommé. Ebert called for a "National Congress of Councils" (Reichsrätekongress), which took place from 16 to 20 December 1918, and in which the MSPD had the majority. Allemagne -- Histoire -- 1918-1933 (République de Weimar) Condition économique. Une lettre pour tous les passionnés d'Histoire, Publié ou mis à jour le : 2019-06-11 09:10:03. Allemagne, République de Weimar, reichspfennig, 1927-G. A/ DEUTSCHES REICH/ REICHSPFENNIG. During the debates in Weimar, fighting continued. 12.5 billion was cash that came mostly from loans from New York bankers. Of these losses, a large proportion consisted of provinces that were originally Polish, and Alsace-Lorraine, seized by Germany in 1870, where Germans constituted only part or a minority of local populations despite nationalist outrage at the fragmentation of Germany. On the one hand, this agreement symbolised the acceptance of the new government by the military, assuaging concern among the middle classes; on the other hand, it was thought contrary to working-class interests by left wing social democrats and communists, and was also opposed by the far right who believed democracy would make Germany weaker. At the same time, in 1920, the districts of Eupen and Malmedy were transferred to Belgium (see German-Speaking Community of Belgium). [21] From 28 June 1919 health insurance committees became elected by workers themselves. However, with inefficient armour and no air support, the Reichswehr would have had limited combat abilities.