In a visual narrative that winds from the column’s base to its top, Trajan and his soldiers triumph over the Dacians. “The campaigns were dreadful and violent,” says Roberto Meneghini, the Italian archaeologist in charge of excavating Trajan’s Forum. Large sums of lire were earmarked and one of the highest identified priorities was the study and prevention of acid rain erosion on marble surfaces. 1. It was thought that the layer may be a ‘scialbatura’ applied to the surface during one of the Early Modern restorations, or a ‘shelter-coat’ original to the Trajanic project, designed to tone down the glare of the marble surface (to increase legibility), or to act as a textured undercoat for a polychrome paint treatment. A series of items arranged vertically within some type of framework--for example, a continuous series of cells running from top to bottom in a spreadsheet, a set of lines of specified width on a printed page, a vertical line of pixels on a video screen, or a set of values aligned vertically in a table or matrix. Epigraphic Database Roma. The Denarius under Trajan: New Metallurgical Analyses, Numismatic Chronicle. A storm indicated to the Romans (foreground) that the god Jupiter, with his thunderbolts, was on their side. TRAIANI) is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.It was probably constructed under the supervision of the architect Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Roman Senate.It is located in Trajan's Forum, north of the Roman Forum. 1752: Columna Trajana exhibens historiam utriusque Belli Dacici a Trajano Caesare Augusto gesti ab Andrea Morello adcurate delineata et in aere incisa, nova descriptione et observationibus illustrata, Amsterdam, Hibbert, C. 1985: Rome. Ernest Oberländer-Târnoveanu, the head of the National History Museum of Romania, begs to differ: “They’re definitely Dacian prisoners being tortured by the angry widows of slain Roman soldiers.” Like much about the column, what you see tends to depend on what you think of the Romans and the Dacians. Less than a quarter of the frieze shows battles or sieges, and Trajan himself is never shown in combat. Sources: Ioana A. Oltean, University of Exeter; Jon Coulston, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, The column emphasizes Rome’s vast empire. It was a show of power—we have the means, we have the power, we are the bosses.”. Les reliefs de la colonne Trajane forment un bas-relief qui s'enroule en hélice autour du fût de la colonne Trajane, de la base au sommet. Pliny the Younger, for example, celebrates Trajan in his panegyric as a wise and just emperor and a moral man. Carving Trajan's Column discusses the process and techniques that actually produced the column and its decoration. Archaeologists have scrutinized the scenes to learn about the uniforms, weapons, equipment, and tactics the Roman Army used. Trajan’s Column, with a statue of St. Peter installed by a Renaissance pope on top, towers over the ruins of Trajan’s Forum, which once included two libraries and a grand civic space paid for by war spoils from Dacia. Devant lui, des écuyers mènent par la bride son cheval et ceux de son état-major. The column emphasizes Rome’s vast empire. 2001: ‘Le incisioni e i disegni della, Calcani, G. 2001: ‘La Colonna Traiana per Damasco’, in Festa Farina, Rome and Environs. Casting had the great advantage of disseminating the exact likeness widely at times when only small numbers of the interested public, rulers, aristocrats and artists, could travel freely around Europe and the Mediterranean countries. Meet National Geographic’s artist-in-residence, Fernando Baptista, to see how the video was made. A broad flagstone road leads from the thick, half-buried walls of a fortress down to a wide, flat meadow. Trajan’s Column, Scenes XXXI and XXXVII (Sarmatian armoured cavalry in vertically adjacent positions). Agosti, G. and Farinella, V. 1988a: ‘Nuove ricerche sulla Colonna Traiana nel Rinascimento’, in Settis 1988, 549-97, Agosti, G. and Farinella, V. 1988b: ‘Il fregio della Colonna Traiana e i Francesi’, in Francesi 1988, 19-231, Bastianetto, B. Despite their limitations and stylization, the Santi Bartoli engravings of the Column frieze continued to be reproduced, and to be redrawn in simplified form, even after the advent of photographic recording (e.g. They’re all fighting the Dacians, suggesting that anyone, no matter how wild their hair or crazy their fashion sense, could become a Roman. In 101 Trajan moved to punish the troublesome Dacians. Given the scope of such a recording project and the rarity of scaffolding access to the Column shaft, this long hiatus is perfectly understandable. The weeping Dacians poisoning themselves to avoid capture? Wer es genauer wissen möchte: Martin Galinier, La colonne de Trajan et les forums impériaux, Collection de L’Ecole francaise de Rome n° 382, Rome 2007 Where this patina survives the smallest details of tool-marks and Figure Type details are retained, especially mail zigzag chiselling; where it has been eroded away the details are largely lost. It’s all generic. 2. Single cast sections are housed in the covered area of the Forum of Trajan libraries in Rome (CL-LV), and in the collection of the Romanian Academy, Rome (sections of LXXV, XCIII, CXIX). “It’s the biggest, most representative, most complex settlement in Dacia.”. A modern set of drawings was only published in the 21, The casting of antique sculpture in plaster was a practice which took off during the Renaissance, flowered in the 17, Casting had the great advantage of disseminating the exact likeness widely at times when only small numbers of the interested public, rulers, aristocrats and artists, could travel freely around Europe and the Mediterranean countries. Trajan’s Column, cast, citizen soldier’s sword missing much of blade (CXV.14). ), La colonne trajane, Paris 2015] Die Reliefs, die sich als Spiralband um den Säulenschaft winden, stellen in mehr als 200 Einzelszenen die beiden Dakerkriege Kaiser Trajan der Jahre 101-102 und 105-106 n. Chr. Carving Trajan's Column discusses the process and techniques that actually produced the column and its decoration. Reinach 1909; Monti 1980, 69-83; Coarelli 1980, 118-27; Scheiper 1982, 158-81; Nardoni 1986, 137-74; Galinier 2007). Analyse (les Romains). The ruined city lies high in the mountains of central Romania. Major episodes of casting of elements of Trajan’s Column have always been patronized by French rulers. Along with the Museo della Civiltà Romana, the V&A Cast Court and the Ashmolean Museum (Oxford, UK), this outstanding institution is one of the few research and teaching collections to survive the decline in fashion and consequent destruction of casts in the 20. Major episodes of casting of elements of Trajan’s Column have always been patronized by French rulers. Florea and his team have found evidence of Roman military know-how and Greek architectural and artistic influences. 32 Elisabeth Bouley. 2001, 269-80, Catalogo 1982: Museo della Civiltà Romana. It seems the city was a center of metal production, supplying other Dacians with weapons and tools in exchange for gold and grain. In 1810, the column that we see today was placed in the centre of the place Vendôme. On the latter stand two further cylindrical blocks which once supported a bronze statue of the emperor … Where this patina survives the smallest details of tool-marks and Figure Type details are retained, especially mail zigzag chiselling; where it has been eroded away the details are largely lost. This is displayed as separate cast sections mounted in helical progression running four times up and down the medial basement gallery which links the two wings of the museum. From their powerful realm north of the Danube River, the Dacians regularly raided the Roman Empire. Filippo Coarelli, a courtly Italian archaeologist and art historian in his late 70s, literally wrote the book on the subject. Instead archaeologists have found the remains of dense clusters of workshops and houses, along with furnaces for refining iron ore, tons of iron hunks ready for working, and dozens of anvils. 1874: A Description of the Trajan Column, London (reprint Boston, 2001), Lehmann-Hartleben, K. 1926: Die Trajanssäule. Casting was greatly facilitated by the sculptors’ reluctance to execute such undercutting regularly, but instead they preferred to insert metal elements, especially shafted weapons. The latter is based on the photographic collection of the sculptor Peter Rockwell, and further information about his work and additional resources for studying the sculpting of Trajan’s Column are available with a mass of detailed images on the project website of Art of Making in Antiquity: Stoneworking in the Roman World. Gespeichert in: Parallelsachtitel: A ... Optimo principi : (1) Iconographie, monnaie et propagande sous Trajan. La colonne Trajane. Colonne Vendôme Place Vendôme - 75001 Paris. Unlike Trajan, Marcus Aurelius is missing from the scene of decapitation on his column, but we find the same number of barbarians decapitated as those on Trajan’s column, two. This was a diplomatic gift to the Romanian fascist regime from Mussolini, manufactured between 1939 and 1943, eventually moved to Bucaresti in 1967, and placed in its present gallery in 1968. La colonne Trajane est un monument situé à Rome Meanwhile legionaries—the highly trained backbone of Rome’s war machine—occupy themselves with building forts and bridges, clearing roads, even harvesting crops. [übersetzt aus dem Französischen; Titel der Originalausgabe: A. S. Stefan (u.a. Bărcăcilă, A. Minute examination of the sculptures is facilitated, nose-to-nose. For this work Jon Coulston was given the use of a wheeled scaffolding tower, and the assistance of Gianni Panelli for its placement. Scaffolding was up for years at a time, and could sometimes itself be observed being periodically ‘restored’. The question of whether or not Trajan’s Column was originally painted is a vexed one. Trajan’s war on the Dacians, a civilization in what is now Romania, was the defining event of his 19-year rule. All these monarchs had direct campaigning interests in Italy and Rome, and to an extent in the Rhineland, the French equivalent to the northern frontier between the Roman empire and barbaricum. 1 - 10 von 18 : Ihre Aktion: suchen [und] ([ALL] Alle Wörter) depero 1. “It was for Roman citizens, to show the power of the imperial machinery, capable of conquering such a noble and fierce people.”. C. de Mourges frères Collection americana Digitizing sponsor Google Book from the collections of Harvard University Language French Some scenes remain ambiguous and their interpretations controversial. Or are they just thirsty? The casts are vitally important for their preservation of detail and the interactive study of BOTH original sculptures and casts is indispensable. Appendice: Inscriptions relatives aux guerres daces. C'est pas sorcier 643,001 views Andrew Curry wrote about the Roman frontier in the September 2012 issue. When it was built, the column stood between the two libraries, which perhaps held the soldier-emperor’s account of the wars. The zigzag chiselling on the armour of auxiliary figures is particularly vulnerable to surface erosion and comparison between casts and original Column frieze shown that 48% of the coverage disappeared between 1861-62 and March 1984 (pers. 1988: ‘Storia materiale dei calchi della Colonna Traiana appartementi all’Accademia di Francia’, in Francesi 1988, 261-73, Del Monte, M. and Sabbioni, C. 1987: ‘A study of the patina called ‘scialbatura’ on imperial Roman marbles’, Studies in Conservation 32.3, 114-21, Del Monte, M., Sabbioni, C. and Zappia, G. 1987: ‘The origin of calcium oxalates on historical buildings, monuments and natural outcrops’, The Science of Total Environment 67, 17-39, Del Monte, M., Ausset, P. & Lefevre, R.A. 1998: ‘Traces of the colours on Trajan’s Column’, Archaeometry 40, 403-12, Depeyrot, G. 2008: Légions romaines en campagne. [The text is available online]. Assembled casts of the Column of Marcus Aurelius, Museo della Civilta Romana, Roma. Orientalenstatuen aus farbigen Marmor in der römischen Repräsentationskunst, Worms, Scheiper, R. 1982: Bildpropaganda der römischen Kaiserzeit unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Trajanssäule in Rom und Korrespondierender Münzen, Bonn, Settis, S. In this marble statue he wears armor typically used in triumphal parades. 2000a: The Column of Trajan, Roma, Coarelli, F. 2000b: ‘The Column of Trajan’, in Coarelli 2000a, 1-34, Coarelli, F. 2007: Rome and Environs. As soon as Rome was united with the rest of Italy it became the kingdom’s capital, at which point the sleepy papal town with its massive areas of disabitato became a major European seat of government (Caracciolo 1984; Hibbert 1985, 274-85; Petter 2000). Explore Trajan's Column in an interactive graphic. The historian Tacitus called them “a people which never can be trusted.” They were known for squeezing the equivalent of protection money out of the Roman Empire while sending warriors to raid its frontier towns. La colonne Trajane, Paris, Fabretti, R. 1683: De columna Traiani syntagma, Roma, Festa Farina, F., Calcani, G., Meucci, C., Conforto, M.L. Casts of the helical frieze of Trajan’s Column, Scenes CL-CLIV, Trajan’s Forum excavations, Rome. It was thought that the layer may be a ‘. A section of the Column shaft was cast in bronze, covering the lowest five windings of the helix, and since 1886 it has been displayed in the fosse of the royal palace at St Germaine-en-Laye near Paris (now the Musée Nationale, see Reinach 1886). On le mit au rang des dieux. Trajan's Column: Scenes 1-5: Preparations for War. 167, 2007, 147–163 (gemeinsam mit K. Uhlir, M. Alram, M. Schreiner und M. Grießer). The destruction of Dacia’s holiest temples and altars followed Sarmizegetusa’s fall. “Les piliers du pont Trajan sur la rive gauche du Danube et la scène CI de Colonne Trajan.” Studii şi cervetari de istorie veche 17: 645-63. Jahrhunderts zu wünschen: „Glücklicher als Augustus, besser als Trajan“. A similar section of several windings was made for the Museum für Antike Schiffahrt, Mainz (Germany) in order to display the Column’s depiction of Roman shipping (Scenes XXXII-V, LXXIX-LXXXVI mounted out of order). Envois des architectes français (1788-1924), Paris, Whitehouse, D. 1983: ‘The future of ancient Rome’, Antiquity 57, 38-44, Wilton-Ely, J. By directing attention towards the arboreal population of the column, this article argues that trees cannot be dismissed as mere background detail, but play an active and significant role in the communication of … Description: xvi, 168 pages frontispiece (map) illustrations, 24 plates 25 cm: Responsibility: Notes. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème Rome, Italie, Romain. Unless otherwise credited, images presented in the Trajan’s Column Online Project were taken by Jon Coulston using a range of Agfa, Fuji, Perutz and Kodak colour slide films, and Ilford black and white print film, on Pentax MV SLR and Nikon Coolpix digital cameras. “They’re overinterpreting and always have. Later it was a favorite attraction for tourists: Goethe, the German poet, climbed the 185 internal steps in 1787 to “enjoy that incomparable view.” Plaster casts of the column were made starting in the 1500s, and they have preserved details that acid rain and pollution have worn away. Indeed, Santi Bartoli represented the frieze horizontally rather than helically (at a diagonal across the page), and the details were given a Baroque makeover. Similar in presentation to the EUR display is the cast set in the National Museum, Bucaresti, except that pedestal has been entirely assembled as one object (Florescu 1969; D’Amato 2001, 236). There had even been plans under Napoléon I for Trajan’s Column to physically join the other antique artworks looted from Napoli and Rome in Paris. Many vertical and diagonal relationships are revealed thereby. The story of Emperor Trajan’s victory over a mighty barbarian empire isn’t just one for the books. However, Florescu’s publication of the Bucaresti set of casts was moderately clear and forms an accessible and useful resource (Florescu 1969. 1987; Zanardi 1988, 289-94; Coulston 1990, 304-6; Conti 2000, 246-48). Blog. Colonne Trajane et les Forums Impériaux. Scaffolding enclosing Trajan’s Column, looking NW (1984). 44 metres high, it was dedicated to the soldiers of the battle of Austerlitz, inspired by Trajan's column in Rome. Despite the fact that upper views may be taken from a balcony level, the assembled casts do not allow close examination of sculptural detail. To get to the site today, visitors have to negotiate a potholed dirt road through the same forbidding valley that Trajan faced. This essay provides valuable information about tools, techniques, and preservation; it focuses on the same kinds of interests and issues that shaped the collection of images that make up the database. Kings François I in 1540 and Louis XIV in 1665-70 had partial cast sets made of the frieze and pedestal (Santi Bartoli was working for the latter monarch), and a complete cast of pedestal and shaft was created for Emperor Louis Napoléon III in 1861-62. LXVII, XCVI), as compared with provision of insert objects, presumably cast in bronze, and compared again with hand gestures which required inserts, but which were carved in such low relief that insertion was impossible (eg. Appartenant au nouveau forum construit par Trajan et son architecte Apollodore de Damas à la suite des victoires sur les Daces, la colonne Trajane, inaugurée en 113 de notre ère, occupait le centre d'une cour située entre deux salles de bibliothèque, l'une grecque et l'autre latine, à l'arrière de la grande basilique (basilica Ulpia) qui barrait le fond du forum de Trajan. Before the advent of photography it could provide a three-dimensional copy superior to contemporary illustrations. “The artist—and artists at this time didn’t have the freedom to do what they wanted—must have acted according to Trajan’s will,” he says. Instead of their heads being presented to the Emperor, they are shown lying on the ground. La colonne Trajane. The column is one of the most distinctive monumental sculptures to have survived the fall of Rome. In extremis an object might by omitted, as was a citizen soldier’s sword which formed a bridge between hand and shield, and which still survives on the original carving (CXV.14). The Roman Soldier AD 50-150, Gloucester City Museum). There have been many claims of paint identification on Trajan’s Column, some doubtless confused with the verdigris wash from the crowning bronze statuary, and with the hues of the patina. “There wasn’t a building remaining in the entire fortress. See also Silverio 1989; Depeyrot 2008; Pogorzelski 2012). There is a faun coloured patina on the stone, as distinct from the hue of the marble itself. 1985: Roma Antiqua. Topic: Colonne de Trajan | fr - 371 - 35081 (ed.) Many visits were made in the company of the latter scholar whose knowledge of Roman architectural planning and design is unrivalled. obs.). Gori 1752). There is a faun coloured patina on the stone, as distinct from the hue of the marble itself. For the past six years Gelu Florea, an archaeologist from Babeș-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca, has spent summers excavating the site. The scale of the latter, again reproducing the French casts, combined with the technology of reproduction, made this the largest, highest resolution publication ever achieved (Cichorius 1896-1900). Kings François I in 1540 and Louis XIV in 1665-70 had partial cast sets made of the frieze and pedestal (Santi Bartoli was working for the latter monarch), and a complete cast of pedestal and shaft was created for Emperor Louis Napoléon III in 1861-62. The volume edited by Settis contained a coverage taken and reproduced in colour, printed on high chalk content paper (Settis 1988). He wrote his doctoral dissertation on the landmark and has remained obsessed—and pugnaciously contrarian—ever since. This is carved in the round. Or, Coarelli says, like Trajan’s memoirs. There has also been a number reconstructions of the frieze in a painted state (Froehner 1872-74, xviii; Agosti and Farinella 1988a, 596-97; 1988b, 39-40; Del Monte et al. Recent conservation studies have failed to locate any convincing examples of remaining paint (Conti 2000, 246). Appartenant au nouveau forum construit par Trajan et son architecte Apollodore de Damas à la suite des victoires sur les Daces, la colonne Trajane, inaugurée en 113 de notre ère, occupait le centre d'une cour située entre deux salles de bibliothèque, l'une grecque et l'autre latine, à l'arrière de la grande basilique (basilica Ulpia) qui barrait le fond du forum de Trajan. The Roman legions were known to be quite violent and fierce.”. La place Vendôme de forme octogonale symétrique a été conçue en 1699 par l’architecte Jules Hardouin Mansart (1646-1708) l 'architecte de Versailles, elle était destinée à recevoir la statue équestre monumentale du roi Louis XIV par Girardon au sommet d’une colonne en son centre. column translation in English-French dictionary. The booty changed the landscape of Rome. The Via dei Fori Imperiali was scheduled for closure and excavation, partly as a political revision of this fascist monument, the erstwhile Via dell’Impero (Painter 2005, 22-5). The incidence of stone weapons, standards and tools (e.g. 1969: Die Trajanssäule, Bucaresti and Bonn, Francesi 1988: La Colonna Traiana e gli artisti francesi da Luigi XIV a Napoleone I, Roma, Froehner, W. 1872-74: La Colonne Trajane, Paris, Galinier, M. 2007: La colonne Trajane et les Forums impériaux, Collection de l’École française de Rome 382, Roma, Gori, A.F. Del Monte, M., Ausset, P. & Lefevre, R.A. 1998: ‘Traces of the colours on Trajan’s Column’. An additional stream of available images has been provided by Internet publication, notably though the archive of the Deutches Archäologisches Institut in Rome, and the McMaster Trajan Project site (see ‘Links’). 25 déc. There are major advantages of studying the original reliefs (in close conjunction with the casts). Vessel: 6.7 inches high, Fourth century B.C. Optimo principi : iconographie, monnaie et propagande sous Trajan. It reflects the waning and waxing of broader studies since the Renaissance, action and reaction following on between ‘monochrome’ and ‘polychrome’ views. The Complete Etchings, Köln, Florescu, F.B. Scaffolding enclosing the Column of Marcus Aurelius, looking SW. For Trajan’s Column, Jon Coulston was given free access and even a set of keys was loaned for the most intense period of work in 1984. One very finely carved feature of the helical frieze makes this abundantly clear. Casts such as this one preserve details on Trajan’s Column that pollution has eroded. The shaft of 17 drums stands on a square base and a torus, and is topped by a Doric capital, and a balcony formed by the top surface of the abacus. Sets are limited to three windings assembled as a section of shaft in the Museo della Civiltà Romana (Catalogo 1982, 689-92), and a few scenes in the Museum für Abgüsse in München. Sarmizegetusa was their political and spiritual capital. 1. (ed.) Trajan's Column (Rome, Italy), Sculpture, Bas-relief, Inscriptions, Latin Publisher Paris, Typ. Scaffolding enclosing the south-west half of the Arch of Septimius Severus, Roma. Of course Coarelli’s speculating. Just look at the scenes that show the looting of Sarmizegetusa or villages in flames. The layer does not actually preserve sculptural features, so much as draw the eye to where they are not compromised. Trajan’s Column, general view looking NW (Cichorius 1896-1900). Bracelets: 3.9-4.7 in (diameter), Second Century B.C.–first century A.D. Suchbegriffe webshop sur le site web. “It’s Trajan’s attempt to be not only a man of the army,” Coarelli says, “but also a man of culture.”. Cast of helical frieze of Trajan’s Column, Scenes LXXIX-XXXVI, Museum fur Antike Schiffahrt, Mainz (Germany). Whatever form they took, Trajan’s memoirs are long gone. Giangiacomo Martines. Scaffolding enclosing Trajan’s Column, looking WNW (1984). Trajan’s Column, original sculpture, citizen soldier’s sword carved in the round (CXV.14). La colonne Trajane Généralités La colonne Trajane (en latin : Columna traiani ) a été érigée à Rome, sur le Forum de Trajan, face au au temple de Trajan en 113 après J.-C. sous le règne de l'empereur Trajan … (ed. 1994: Giovanni Battista Piranesi. 2001, 227-45, Délivré, J. The advantages and disadvantages are the same except that the oft-neglected pedestal sculptures can be fully appreciated. Dacia’s proud ruler spared himself the humiliation of surrender. A good case in point is the grip of the auxiliary attendant’s sword in the Scene depicting wounded Roman soldiers (XL.20). Travel in time with this stop-motion animation and see how Trajan’s Column was built—according to one theory. 1. However, the opportunities to ‘get close and personal’ with the helical frieze of Trajan’s Column are very rare. A second set which also included the whole pedestal (but not the capital block) was assembled as a column in two section in the Cast Court of the Victoria and Albert Museum (London) in 1874 (Hungerford Pollen 1874). Unfortunately, the folio is very rare and only held in Britain in university libraries at Birmingham, Liverpool, Oxford (Sackler Library), University College London, University of London Senate House Libraries (ULRLS), and the Victoria and Albert Museum National Art Library. In A.D. 101 Trajan fortified the border and invaded with tens of thousands of troops. Some 76 cast pieces made for Louis XIV survive in the Villa Medici, Rome. Optimo principi : (2) Iconographie, monnaie et propagande sous Trajan. A good case in point is the grip of the auxiliary attendant’s sword in the Scene depicting wounded Roman soldiers (XL.20). Spiraling around the column like a modern-day comic strip is a narrative of the Dacian campaigns: Thousands of intricately carved Romans and Dacians march, build, fight, sail, sneak, negotiate, plead, and perish in 155 scenes. It’s like a TV series.”. There have been many claims of paint identification on Trajan’s Column, some doubtless confused with the verdigris wash from the crowning bronze statuary, and with the hues of the patina. Sketches and engravings, such as Santi Bartoli’s coverage of the Trajan’s Column frieze, or the 18th century views of the Column’s pedestal reliefs by Percier and Piranesi, inevitably incorporated some elements of contemporary artistic style, for they were not exercises in exact archaeological recording in the modern sense (Uginet 1985; Agosti and Farinella 1988b, 96-109; Wilton-Ely 1994, 743-66; Ficacci 2000). In his sun-flooded living room in Rome, he pulls his illustrated history of the column off a crowded bookshelf. Rome had been betrayed one time too many. (Victoria and Albert Museum). Trajan’s Column, Scene XXXII.7-14 (one bow and one arrow carved in marble, two bows omitted from hands too shallowly sculpted to take metal inserts). Preis und details der auktion von lourmarin, Gemälde des künstlers Colette BELEYS The Study of Trajan’s Column. The images were made of the frieze before it was cleaned so show the sooty pollution deposits very clearly. for ancient monuments’, Archaeology, July/August, 54-7, 74-5, Petter, H. 2000: ‘Back to the future: archaeology and innovation in the building of Roma Capitale’, in Coulston, J. and Dodge, H. (Trajan was born to Roman parents in what is now Spain.). The eroded carvings are hard to make out above the first few twists of the story. Concerns about air-raids during the Second World War led to the fascist regime erecting protective coverings for some monuments on Rome, and the publication of photographic studies made at the time (Romanelli 1942).
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