سيكولوجية الجماهير by Gustave Le Bon 11,402 ratings, average rating, 1,554 reviews Browse By Tag. [48] Le Bon also influenced Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks.[49]. His was a man of most exceptional intelligence; it sprang entirely from within himself; he was his own master, his own initiator.... Science and philosophy have suffered a cruel loss.[43]. [30], Both were best-sellers, with Psychologie des Foules being translated into nineteen languages within one year of its appearance. Influenced by Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer and Ernst Haeckel, Le Bon supported biological determinism and a hierarchical view of the races and sexes; after extensive field research, he posited a correlation between cranial capacity and intelligence in Recherches anatomiques et mathématiques sur les variations de volume du cerveau et sur leurs relations avec l'intelligence (1879), which earned him the Godard Prize from the French Academy of Sciences. "[14] He also warned his countrymen of the deleterious effects of political rivalries in the face of German military might and rapid industrialisation, and therefore was uninvolved in the Dreyfus Affair which dichotomised France. La psychologie des foules explique leur irrationalité.Gustave Le Bon montre en effet dans Psychologie des foules que le comportement d’une masse d’hommes diffère de ceux d’individus isolés. He completed his internship at Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, and received his doctorate in 1866. [12], Le Bon also witnessed the Paris Commune of 1871, which deeply affected his worldview. 1 28e édition, Alcan, 1921.. 2 Op.cit., pp. [28], Le Bon's behavioural study of horses also sparked a long-standing interest in psychology, and in 1894 he released Lois psychologiques de l'évolution des peuples. Nonetheless, the town was proud that Gustave Le Bon was born there and later named a street after him. This model treats the crowd as a unit in its composition which robs every individual member of their opinions, values and beliefs; as Le Bon states: "An individual in a crowd is a grain of sand amid other grains of sand, which the wind stirs up at will". His basic approach was that human beings collectively develop behaviors that they would never develop individually. Psicología de las Masas - Gustave Le Bon. Brand new: lowest price. [1][2][3] He is best known for his 1895 work The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, which is considered one of the seminal works of crowd psychology.[4][5]. Se valió para probarlo de gran cantidad de conjeturas y de evidencias bastante cuestionables. He then travelled widely, touring Europe, Asia and North Africa. Barrès fused ethnic rootedness with authoritarian nationalism and contended that too much civilization led to decadence and that hatred and violence were energizing remedies.…, Allport’s criticism of Le Bon and William McDougall, a British-born U.S. psychologist, for their concept of “group mind,” and for their apparent assumption that collective behaviour makes people do things to which they are not predisposed. This paper. He became a Grand-Croix of the Legion of Honour in 1929. By Gustave Le Bon 1895 The following work is devoted to an account of the characteristics of crowds. This lack of self-restraint allows individuals to "yield to instincts" and to accept the instinctual drives of their "racial unconscious". Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. He published a number of medical articles and books before joining the French Army after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Gustave Le Bon, (born May 7, 1841, Nogent-le-Rotrou, France—died Dec. 13, 1931, Marnes-la-Coquette), French social psychologist best known for his study of the psychological characteristics of crowds.. After receiving a doctorate of medicine, Le Bon traveled in Europe, North Africa, and Asia and wrote several books on anthropology and archaeology. [32], Le Bon constructed a home laboratory in the early 1890s, and in 1896 reported observing "black light", a new kind of radiation that he believed was distinct from, but possibly related to, X-rays and cathode rays. Wilfred Trotter, a famous surgeon at University College Hospital, London, … [6] Le Bon was a direct descendant of Jean-Odet Carnot, whose grandfather, Jean Carnot, had a brother, Denys, from whom the fifth president of the French Third Republic, Marie François Sadi Carnot, was directly descended. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon was born in Nogent-le-Rotrou, Centre-Val de Loire on 7 May 1841 to a family of Breton ancestry. Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), a French social psychologist, is often seen as the father of the study of crowd psychology. [21][22] He followed this with a trip to Nepal, becoming the first Frenchman to visit the country, and released Voyage au Népal in 1886. He released La Psychologie politique et la défense sociale, Les Opinions et les croyances, La Révolution Française et la Psychologie des Révolutions, Aphorismes du temps présent, and La Vie des vérités in back-to-back years from 1910 to 1914, expounding in which his views on affective and rational thought, the psychology of race, and the history of civilisation. "The leaders we speak of," says Le Bon, "are usually men of action rather than of words. This work was dedicated to his friend Charles Richet though it drew much from the theories of Théodule-Armand Ribot, to whom Le Bon dedicated Psychologie des Foules (1895). He considered this as a shortcoming from those authors who only considered the criminal aspect of crowd psychology.[45]. As a group of people gather together and coalesces to form a crowd, there is a "magnetic influence given out by the crowd" that transmutes every individual's behaviour until it becomes governed by the "group mind". Recherches expérimentales (1892), which consisted of numerous photographs of horses in action combined with analysis by Le Bon. Le Bon detailed three key processes that create the psychological crowd: i) Anonymity, ii) Contagion and iii) Suggestibility. [10] He maintained his passion for writing and authored several papers on physiological studies, as well as an 1868 textbook about sexual reproduction, before joining the French Army as a medical officer after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870. [11] During the war, Le Bon organised a division of military ambulances. These reflections garnered praise from generals, and were later studied at Saint-Cyr and other military academies in France. These works rankled the largely socialist academic establishment of France. They are especially recruited from the ranks of those morbidly nervous excitable half-deranged persons who are bordering on madness. In other words, groups have a determining influence on individuals. by Gustave le Bon and Robert K. Stevenson | Mar 7, 2020. Updates? Gustave le Bon, un penseur réactionnaire et aristocratique Gustave Le Bon a marqué l’histoire des sciences humaines comme étant la figure de proue de la psychologie des foules. Contagion refers to the spread in the crowd of particular behaviours and individuals sacrifice their personal interest for the collective interest. At the same time he created his psychological and sociological theories, he performed experiments in physics and published popular books on the subject, anticipating the mass–energy equivalence and prophesising the Atomic Age. Il m’a toutefois fallu un peu plus de temps pour comprendre pourquoi. The family was of Breton origin, his father was a provincial official of the French government. From that time on, he referred to himself as "Doctor" though he never formally worked as a physician. 95. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon was born in Nogent-le-Rotrou, Centre-Val de Loire on 7 May 1841 to a family of Breton ancestry. [24] In 1889, he released Les Premières Civilisations de l'Orient, giving in it an overview of the Mesopotamian, Indian, Chinese and Egyptian civilisations. 4.4 out of 5 stars 5. The Influence of Race in History by Gustave Le Bon (2017, Trade Paperback) Be the first to write a review. À l’origine, Gustave Le Bon est médecin. He attributed true progress to the work of an intellectual elite. Le Bon theorised that the new entity, the "psychological crowd", which emerges from incorporating the assembled population not only forms a new body but also creates a collective "unconsciousness". At the end of the war, Le Bon was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Cherchez cette citation sur Google Livre. In that capacity, he observed the behaviour of the military under the worst possible condition—total defeat, and wrote about his reflections on military discipline, leadership and the behaviour of man in a state of stress and suffering. His interests later shifted to natural science and social psychology. In Gustave Le Bon. Le Bon discontinued his research in physics in 1908, and turned again to psychology. cit., p.17. He released Le Déséquilibre du Monde, Les Incertitudes de l'heure présente and L'évolution actuelle du monde, illusions et réalités in 1923, 1924 and 1927 respectively, giving in them his views of the world during the volatile interwar period. When, however, a certain number of these individuals are gathered He was unsure as to what caused him to be thrown off the horse, and decided to begin a study of what he had done wrong as a rider. [13], Le Bon became interested in the emerging field of anthropology in the 1870s and travelled throughout Europe, Asia and North Africa. Dans cet ouvrage, Gustave Le Bon montre que le comportement des hommes réunis en groupe n’est en rien réductible à ce qu’ils sont chacun pris isolément. He analysed the peoples and the civilisations he encountered under the umbrella of the nascent field of anthropology, developing an essentialist view of humanity, and invented a portable cephalometer during his travels. Cette phrase possède 147 mots. [19][20] He also described their culture as superior to that of the Turks who governed them, and translations of this work were inspirational to early Arab nationalists. The strength of his personal networks is apparent from the guest list: participants included cousins Henri and Raymond Poincaré, Paul Valéry, Alexander Izvolsky, Henri Bergson, Marcellin Berthelot and Aristide Briand. This work dealt with the definition of death, preceding 20th-century legal debates on the issue. Le Bon wrote a primer on how to divert the barbarism of the masses from revolution to reaction. [26], On his travels, Le Bon travelled largely on horseback and noticed that techniques used by horse breeders and trainers varied dependent on the region. Gustave Le Bon examines many different kinds of crowds and how they work. About this product. Le Bon maintained his eclectic interests up until his death in 1931. The ideas put forward in La psychologie des foules played an important role in the early years of group psychology: Sigmund Freud's Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse (1921; English translation Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, 1922) was explicitly based on a critique of Le Bon's work. [27] The result of his study was L'Équitation actuelle et ses principes. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He then released Psychologie des Temps Nouveaux (1920) before resigning from his position as Professor of Psychology and Allied Sciences at the University of Paris and retiring to his home. Sicología de las masas (Spanish Edition) by Gustave Le Bon | May 15, 2014. [16], In 1884, he was commissioned by the French government to travel around Asia and report on the civilisations there. Autres citations 4 Le Bon Gustave - How Races and Peoples Transform Their Civilization and Arts.pdf. Buena parte de la obrade Gustave Le Bon está dedicada a justificar el colonialismo de las potencias europeas. In La psychologie des foules (1895; The Crowd), his most popular work, he argued that the conscious personality of the individual in a crowd is submerged and that the collective crowd mind dominates; crowd behaviour is unanimous, emotional, and intellectually weak. Just prior to World War I, Wilfred Trotter introduced Wilfred Bion to Le Bon's writings and Sigmund Freud's work Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. In his influential book Propaganda, he declared that a major feature of democracy was the manipulation of the electorate by the mass media and advertising. Le Bon was a direct descendant of Jean-Odet Carnot, whose grandfather, Jean Carnot, had a brother, Denys, from whom the fifth president of the French Third Repub… [33] Not the same type of radiation as what is now known as black light, its existence was never confirmed and, similar to N rays, it is now generally understood to be non-existent, but the discovery claim attracted much attention among French scientists at the time, many of whom supported it and Le Bon's general ideas on matter and radiation, and he was even nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. "[25] Le Bon released the last book on the topic of his travels, entitled Les monuments de l'Inde, in 1893, again praising the architectural achievements of the Indian people. Le Bon believed that modern life was increasingly characterized by crowd assemblages. [11] The results of his journeys were a number of books, and a development in Le Bon's thinking to also view culture to be influenced chiefly by hereditary factors such as the unique racial features of the people. [35], In L'Évolution de la Matière (1905), Le Bon anticipated the mass–energy equivalence, and in a 1922 letter to Albert Einstein complained about his lack of recognition. Qu’a-t-il fait exactement ? Einstein responded and conceded that a mass–energy equivalence had been proposed before him, but only the theory of relativity had cogently proved it. Or, selon lui, la fin de l’Ancien Régime a entraîné un changement radical dans l’âme du peuple et fait entrer les sociétés dans l’« ère des foules ». A native of Nogent-le-Rotrou, Le Bon qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Paris in 1866. At the time of Le Bon's birth, his mother, Annette Josephine Eugénic Tétiot Desmarlinais, was twenty-six and his father, Jean-Marie Charles Le Bon, was forty-one and a provincial functionary of the French government. 6 Le Bon Gustave - The Influence of Race in History.pdf. Nous sommes donc au 19ème siècle, l’époque des grandes colon… Download. Le Bon continued writing throughout World War I, publishing Enseignements Psychologiques de la Guerre Européenne (1915), Premières conséquences de la guerre: transformation mentale des peuples (1916) and Hier et demain. After receiving a doctorate of medicine, Le Bon traveled in Europe, North Africa, and Asia and wrote several books on anthropology and archaeology. During the first half of the twentieth century, Le Bon's writings were used by media researchers such as Hadley Cantril and Herbert Blumer to describe the reactions of subordinate groups to media. Dautre part, Le Bon dégage une i… [46][47] Benito Mussolini also made a careful study of Le Bon. He published several other about loa loa filariasis and asphyxia before releasing his first full-length book in 1866, La mort apparente et inhumations prématurées. [7] Little else is known of Le Bon's childhood, except for his attendance at a lycée in Tours, where he was an unexceptional student. The whole of the common characteristics with which heredity endows the individuals of a race constitute the genius of the race. Le Bon developed the view that crowds are not the sum of their individual parts, proposing that within crowds there forms a new psychological entity, the characteristics of which are determined by the "racial unconscious" of the crowd. 勒庞 （Gustave Le Bon 1841.5.7－1931.12.13），法国社会心理学家、社会学家，群体心理学的创始人，有“群体社会的马基雅维里”之称。他出生于法国诺晋特-勒-卢特鲁（Nogent-le-Rotrou），逝于法国马恩-拉-科盖特（Marnes-la-Coquette）。代表作《乌合之众》等。 The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (French: Psychologie des Foules; literally: Psychology of Crowds) is a book authored by Gustave Le Bon that was first published in 1895.. Básicamente planteaba que solo bajo ciertas condiciones geográficas podían aparecer … He opted against the formal practice of medicine as a physician, instead beginning his writing career the same year of his graduation. [17][18] The first book, entitled La Civilisation des Arabes, was released in 1884. Cherchez La Civilisation des Arabes (1884) sur Amazon et Wikipédia. ", George Lachmann Mosse claimed that fascist theories of leadership that emerged during the 1920s owed much to Le Bon's theories of crowd psychology. Le Bon's works were influential to such disparate figures as Theodore Roosevelt and Benito Mussolini, Sigmund Freud and José Ortega y Gasset, Adolf Hitler and Vladimir Lenin. 380 citations de Gustave Le Bon - Ses plus belles pensées Citations de Gustave Le Bon Sélection de 380 citations et phrases de Gustave Le Bon - Découvrez un proverbe, une phrase, une parole, une pensée, une formule, un dicton ou une citation de Gustave Le Bon issus de romans, d'extraits courts de livres, essais, discours ou entretiens de l'auteur. Gabriel Rebelles. Trotter's book Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War (1919) forms the basis for the research of both Wilfred Bion and Ernest Jones who established what would be called group dynamics. Cet ouvrage est indispensable pour comprendre la vie sociale. [9], After his graduation, Le Bon remained in Paris, where he taught himself English and German by reading Shakespeare's works in each language. [8], In 1860, he began medicinal studies at the University of Paris. 1841 [1931] Dover Publications, p. 9. Defeat in the war coupled with being a first-hand witness to the Paris Commune of 1871 strongly shaped Le Bon's worldview. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon (May 7, 1841-December 13, 1931) was one of France's most famous polymaths, who wrote and studied extensively in the fields of anthropology, psychology, and science. [31] Le Bon followed these with two more books on psychology, Psychologie du Socialisme and Psychologie de l'Éducation, in 1896 and 1902 respectively. 5 Le Bon Gustave - The Influence of Education and Es.pdf. 13-14.. 3 Op. He pointed out that the main reasons why individuals lose themselves within a group are: 1. Social movements help to build the new order.…. Quand j’ai débuté mon doctorat, à Toulouse, j’ai vite compris que je ne devais jamais manquer de citer les travaux de Gustave Le Bon dans mes publications. For Le Bon, the crowd inverts Darwin's law of evolution and becomes atavistic, proving Ernst Haeckel's embryological theory: "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". Theodore Roosevelt as well as Charles G. Dawes and many other American progressives in the early 20th century were also deeply affected by Le Bon's writings.[50]. The then thirty-year-old Le Bon watched on as Parisian revolutionary crowds burned down the Tuileries Palace, the library of the Louvre, the Hôtel de Ville, the Gobelins Manufactory, the Palais de Justice, and other irreplaceable works of architectural art. Corrections? According to Steve Reicher, Le Bon was not the first crowd psychologist: "The first debate in crowd psychology was actually between two criminologists, Scipio Sighele and Gabriel Tarde, concerning how to determine and assign criminal responsibility within a crowd and hence who to arrest. In this, Le Bon praised Arabs highly for their contributions to civilisation, but criticised Islamism as an agent of stagnation. [23], He next published Les Civilisations de l'Inde (1887), in which he applauded Indian architecture, art and religion but argued that Indians were comparatively inferior to Europeans in regard to scientific advancements, and that this had facilitated British domination. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon (French: [ɡystav lə bɔ̃]; 7 May 1841 – 13 December 1931) was a leading French polymath whose areas of interest included anthropology, psychology, sociology, medicine, invention, and physics. Elle est considérée comme 1 citation très très longue. [37] In L'Évolution des Forces (1907), Le Bon prophesied the Atomic Age. During his university years, Le Bon wrote articles on a range of medical topics, the first of which related to the maladies that plagued those who lived in swamp-like conditions. Gustave Le Bon. Anonymity provides to rational individuals a feeling of invincibility and the loss of personal responsibility. [7], When Le Bon was eight years old, his father obtained a new post in French government and the family, including Gustave's younger brother Georges, left Nogent-le-Rotrou never to return. — Gustave Le Bon, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, p. 114, Viking Press, 1960. FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon. Adolf Hitler is known to have read The Crowd and in Mein Kampf drew on the propaganda techniques proposed by Le Bon. Le Bon reste une personnalité controversée. Gustave le Bon was born in Nogent-le-Rotrou, Centre-Val de Loire, France. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon est né à Nogent-le-Rotrou, dans le Centre-Val de Loire, le 7 mai 1841. He published his last work, entitled Bases scientifiques d'une philosophie de l'histoire, in 1931 and on 13 December, died in Marnes-la-Coquette, Île-de-France at the age of ninety. 00. Edward Bernays, a nephew of Sigmund Freud, was influenced by Le Bon and Trotter. [34], In 1902, Le Bon began a series of weekly luncheons to which he invited prominent intellectuals, nobles and ladies of fashion. Psicología de las Masas - Gustave Le Bon. cit., pp. Gustave Le Bon, (born May 7, 1841, Nogent-le-Rotrou, France—died Dec. 13, 1931, Marnes-la-Coquette), French social psychologist best known for his study of the psychological characteristics of crowds. Gustave Le Bon One of the most influential works of social psychology in history, The Crowd was highly instrumental in creating this field of study by analyzing, in detail, mass behavior. In Les Lois psychologiques de l’évolution des peuples (1894; The Psychology of Peoples) he developed a view that history is the product of racial or national character, with emotion, not intelligence, the dominant force in social evolution. Polygraphe, intervenant dans des domaines variés, il est l'auteur de nombreux ouvrages dans lesquels il aborde le désordre comportemental et la psychologie des foules. The Crowd: A study of the Popular Mind. First of all, a human being perceives the group as an invincible power. Gustave Le Bon (1895) Psychologie des foules Édition Félix Alcan, 9e édition, 1905, 192 pp. [38][39] He wrote about "the manifestation of a new force—namely intra-atomic energy—which surpasses all others by its colossal magnitude," and stated that a scientist who discovered a way to dissociate rapidly one gram of any metal would "not witness the results of his experiments ... the explosion produced would be so formidable that his laboratory and all neighbouring houses, with their inhabitants, would be instantaneously pulverised."[40][41]. Interne à l’Hôtel-Dieu, à Paris, il reçoit son doctorat de médecine en 1866. Gustave Le Bon. Therefore, they stop feeling responsible for their actions because the… 3 Le Bon Gustave - Experimental Researches on the Variations of the Volume of the Brain and Skull.pdf. Les foules ont donc une psychologie, une personnalité qu’il importe de comprendre. An individual becomes primitive, unreasoning, and emotional. The lowest-priced brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item in its original packaging (where packaging is applicable). Gustave le Bon – Early Years. Allport insisted instead that collective behaviour involves merely a group of people…, Le Bon suggested that in a period of widespread discontent crowd action serves to destroy an old order in preparation for a new one. A short summary of this paper. This landmark book is one of the most influential books ever written on this subject. Dune part, à une époque où la méthode devient importante, son « amateurisme » gêne ses contemporains tels que Durkheim1, sans que cela ait vraiment dinfluence sur son début de carrière. In the 1890s, he turned to psychology and sociology, in which fields he released his most successful works. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [29] Psychologie des Foules was in part a summation of Le Bon's 1881 work, L'Homme et les sociétés, to which Émile Durkheim referred in his doctoral dissertation, De la division du travail social. Ignored or maligned by sections of the French academic and scientific establishment during his life due to his politically conservative and reactionary views, Le Bon was critical of democracy and socialism. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustave-Le-Bon, The Electronic Text Center at the University of Virginia Library - The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind - Gustave Le Bon. Convinced that human actions are guided by eternal laws, Le Bon attempted to synthesise Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer with Jules Michelet and Alexis de Tocqueville. Gustave Le Bon - The Crowd: A Study of the popular Mind Gustave Le Bon - The Crowd: A Study of the popular Mind Gustave Le Bon predicted already in 1895 the 20th century’s mass phenomenona in his epochal work The Crowd: A study of the popular mind.He researched the dynamics of large groups of people and how their behaviour patterns were differing from the individual’s behaviour. Paperback $11.95 $ 11. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon est né à Nogent-le-Rotrou, Centre-Val de Loire le 7 mai 1841 dans une famille d'origine bretonne.Au moment de la naissance de Le Bon, sa mère, Annette Joséphine Eugénic Tétiot Desmarlinais, avait vingt-six ans et son père, Jean-Marie Charles Le Bon, quarante et un ans et fonctionnaire provincial du gouvernement français. Psicología de las Masas - Gustave Le Bon. This work became a respected cavalry manual, and Le Bon extrapolated his studies on the behaviour of horses to develop theories on early childhood education. Analyse de la phrase. At the time of Le Bon's birth, his mother, Annette Josephine Eugénic Tétiot Desmarlinais, was twenty-six and his father, Jean-Marie Charles Le Bon, was forty-one and a provincial functionary of the French government. Omissions? Gustave Le Bon is particularly famous for his book The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. He differentiates between different kinds of crowds such as mobs, juries, elected bodies, and simple crowds. He returned to Paris and in 1892, while riding a high-spirited horse, he was bucked off and narrowly escaped death. 15-16.. 4 Op. Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, Les Classiques des Sciences Sociales: Le Bon, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Le_Bon&oldid=992288456, Articles to be expanded from October 2016, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Léonore identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 December 2020, at 14:28.