[93], Nevertheless, while the office of corrector was intended as a tool to curb any hint of independent political activity among local notables in the Greek cities,[94] the correctores themselves were all men of the highest social standing entrusted with an exceptional commission. La seconde est la réponse de Trajan à Pline. From there, after his father's replacement, he seems to have been transferred to an unspecified Rhine province, and Pliny implies that he engaged in active combat duty during both commissions. [240], Trajan left the Persian Gulf for Babylon – where he intended to offer sacrifice to Alexander in the house where he had died in 323 BC[241] –  But a revolt led by Sanatruces, a nephew of the Parthian king Osroes I who had retained a cavalry force, possibly strengthened by the addition of Saka archers,[242] imperiled Roman positions in Mesopotamia and Armenia. Trajan a gravi la carrière des honneurs jusqu'au consulat en 91. Trajan fit preuve d'un soucis permanent pour sa gloire, qu'il inscrivit dans l'urbanisme romain avec tout le gigantisme possible. Durant près de trois cents ans, les Romains ont cherché à s'imposer en Mésopotamie au détriment de l'empire des Parthes. [92] A revealing case-history, told by Pliny, tells of Dio of Prusa placing a statue of Trajan in a building complex where Dio's wife and son were buried - therefore incurring a charge of treason for placing the Emperor's statue near a grave. Kostenlose Lieferung für viele Artikel! Le terme moderne d'empereur est donc utilisé pour décrire les dirigeants de l'empire romain, étant donné les liens étroits qu'ils entretenaient avec l'armée (dont dépendait le soutien armé de leur pouvoir) et il ne discrimine pas les styles différents de gouvernances au cours des différentes phases de l'Empire. The fortress city of Hatra, on the Tigris in his rear, continued to hold out against repeated Roman assaults. Available at. The care bestowed by Trajan on the managing of such public spectacles led the orator Fronto to state approvingly that Trajan had paid equal attention to entertainments as well as to serious issues. Il remet aussi de l'ordre dans les finances de l’État, mate deux révoltes et commence la construction du Colisée (70). Il fit carrière dans l'armée, fut nommé gouverneur de Germanie (en 96) avant d'être, l'année suivante, adopté par le vieil empereur Nerva et associé au pouvoir au titre de "César". Il s'élève à environ 164 empereurs si on inclut les dix, Tétrarchies et dynastie des Constantiniens, Auguste évita l'écueil de sembler restaurer une monarchie honnie des Romains depuis la, Césautica, Claunégalo, Vivestido, Netrajhadan, Marcosepca, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liste_des_empereurs_romains&oldid=176374742, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, Prend le pouvoir après le suicide de Néron, avec le soutien des légions, Prend le pouvoir avec le soutien des légions, Prend le pouvoir avec le soutien des légions de l'Est contre. Marcel Emerit. C’était un empereur Romain fils d’un soldat de fortune il fut élevé aux honneurs par Vespasien. J.-C. Thématique : « Art, Etat et pouvoir » Leçon : L'Empire romain Dates repères de la leçon : - 27 av. Trajan's putative lovers included Hadrian, pages of the imperial household, the actor Pylades, a dancer called Apolaustus, and senator Lucius Licinius Sura. Selon les sources, Jules César (Caius Julius Caesar) fait ou ne fait pas partie de la liste comme étant le premier. [298] It is in modern French historiography that Trajan's reputation becomes most markedly deflated: Paul Petit writes about Trajan's portraits as a "lowbrow boor with a taste for booze and boys". Justice requires it and pity holds me back.' En 88, à la mort de son père, il est envoyé à Rome pour être confié à deux tuteurs parmi lesquels le futur empereur Trajan. Histoire avant 1830 . Son successeur Trajan, fils d'un soldat romain établi à Italica (Espagne), devenu gouverneur de Germanie supérieure, va brillamment poursuivre son oeuvre. Finden Sie Top-Angebote für SESTERCE- Trajan- Optimo Principi- Salus. He was personally present at the siege, and it is possible that he suffered a heat stroke while in the blazing heat. Son règne débute en 27 av. [9] Therefore, discussion of Trajan and his rule in modern historiography cannot avoid speculation. [201] The fact that emissaries from the Kushan Empire might have attended to the commemorative ceremonies for the Dacian War may have kindled in some Greco-Roman intellectuals like Plutarch – who wrote about only 70,000 Roman soldiers being necessary to a conquest of India – as well as in Trajan's closer associates, speculative dreams about the booty to be obtained by reproducing Macedonian Eastern conquests. [184] Also, Charax's rulers domains at the time possibly included the Bahrain islands (where a Palmyrene citizen held office, shortly after Trajan's death, as satrap[185] – but then, the appointment was made by a Parthian king of Charax[186]) something which offered the possibility of extending Roman hegemony into the Persian Gulf itself. Empire romain27 av. The traditional donative to the troops, however, was reduced by half. Carlos F. Noreña, "The Ethics of Autocracy in the Roman World". [119][120], Prior to the campaign, Trajan had raised two entirely new legions: II Traiana – which, however, may have been posted in the East, at the Syrian port of Laodicea – and XXX Ulpia Victrix, which was posted to Brigetio, in Pannonia. Enfin, il nomme ses deux fils, Titus et Domitien, Césars (en faisant ainsi ses héritiers), le court règne de Titus (2 ans) étant suivi par celui de son frère jusqu'à son assassinat en 96 qui marque la fin de la dynastie. [66], Competition among Greek cities and their ruling oligarchies was mainly for marks of preeminence, especially for titles bestowed by the Roman emperor. 21 (1931), pp. [34], On his entry to Rome, Trajan granted the plebs a direct gift of money. [28] Sura is also described as telling Hadrian in 108 about his selection as imperial heir. Available at, Dante 1998, p. 593. [68] A side effect of such extravagant spending was that junior and thus less wealthy members of the local oligarchies felt disinclined to present themselves to fill posts as local magistrates, positions that involved ever-increasing personal expense.[69]. Le sénat va jusqu'à lui accorder le titre d'optimus princeps (littéralement, "le meilleur empereur"). [155] As Fronto added, amusements were a means to assure the general acquiescence of the populace, while the more "serious" issue of the corn dole aimed ultimately only at individuals. [245] Later in 116, Trajan, with the assistance of Quietus and two other legates, Marcus Erucius Clarus and Tiberius Julius Alexander Julianus,[246][247] defeated a Parthian army in a battle where Sanatruces was killed (possibly with the assistance of Osroes' son and Sanatruces' cousin, Parthamaspates, whom Trajan wooed successfully). [297] The biography by the German historian Karl Strobel stresses the continuity between Domitian's and Trajan's reigns, saying that Trajan's rule followed the same autocratic and sacred character as Domitian's, culminating in a failed Parthian adventure intended as the crown of his personal achievement. Dio, who tells this narrative, offers his father – the then governor of Cilicia Apronianus – as a source, and therefore his narrative is possibly grounded on contemporary rumor. [40] In a speech at the inauguration of his third consulship, on 1 January 100, Trajan exhorted the Senate to share the care-taking of the Empire with him – an event later celebrated on a coin. EUR 7,90. F. A. Lepper, "Trajan's Parthian War" (1948). El último impulso colonizador del imperio.". [15] In about 86, Trajan's cousin Aelius Afer died, leaving his young children Hadrian and Paulina orphans. Les historiens font débuter l'empire romain le 16 janvier de l'an 27 avant JC. [243], Trajan sent two armies towards Northern Mesopotamia: the first, under Lusius Quietus, recovered Nisibis and Edessa from the rebels, probably having King Abgarus deposed and killed in the process,[243] with Quietus probably earning the right to receive the honors of a senator of praetorian rank (adlectus inter praetorios). Trajan was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in present-day Spain, an Italic settlement in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica. Wiseman, James 1997 "Beyond the Danube's Iron Gates. [105], Trajan is known particularly for his conquests in the Near East, but initially for the two wars against Dacia – the reduction to client kingdom (101–102), followed by actual incorporation into the Empire of the trans-Danube border group of Dacia – an area that had troubled Roman thought for over a decade with the unstable peace negotiated by Domitian's ministers with the powerful Dacian king Decebalus. [49] In short, according to the ethics for autocracy developed by most political writers of the Imperial Roman Age, Trajan was a good ruler in that he ruled less by fear, and more by acting as a role model, for, according to Pliny, "men learn better from examples". Le titre d'empereur romain, résultant d'un concept assez moderne, résume la position tenue par les individus détenteurs du pouvoir dans l'Empire romain. [220] Since Charax was a de facto independent kingdom whose connections to Palmyra were described above, Trajan's bid for the Persian Gulf may have coincided with Palmyrene interests in the region. [5] Book 68 in Cassius Dio's Roman History, which survives mostly as Byzantine abridgments and epitomes, is the main source for the political history of Trajan's rule. [6] Besides this, Pliny the Younger's Panegyricus and Dio of Prusa's orations are the best surviving contemporary sources. [128] Trajan also reformed the infrastructure of the Iron Gates region of the Danube. Mais Trajan est avant tout un empereur militaire, connu pour ses deux guerres contre les Daces (Roumanie) qui se soldent en 106-107 par le suicide du roi Décébale et la réduction de la Dacie en province impériale (reliefs de la Colonne Trajane à Rome). [291] Mommsen also speaks of Trajan's "insatiable, unlimited lust for conquest". [211] At the same time, a Roman column under the legate Lusius Quietus – an outstanding cavalry general[212] who had signaled himself during the Dacian Wars by commanding a unit from his native Mauretania[213] – crossed the Araxes river from Armenia into Media Atropatene and the land of the Mardians (present-day Ghilan). Some say that Trajan had adopted Hadrian as his successor, but others[who?] The fourth century emperor Constantine I is credited with saying "[Trajan] is like a spider that creeps up on every wall. Les historiens ont donné le nom d'Antonin le Pieux (Antoninus Pius) à la dynastie. Non-literary sources such as archaeology, epigraphy, and numismatics are also useful for reconstructing his reign. [225] It is noteworthy that no new legions were raised by Trajan before the Parthian campaign, maybe because the sources of new citizen recruits were already over-exploited. A propos de la guerre parthique de Trajan. He was deified by the Senate and his ashes were laid to rest under the Trajan's Column. La France a toujours été peuplée depuis que l'homme a colonisé l'Europe. Michael Alexander Speidel: "Bellicosissimus Princeps". "Les derniers travaux des historiens roumains sur la Dacie". Il est probable que le premier Ulpius installé en Bétique provienne de cette armée, bien qu'il soit aussi possible qu'il soit arrivé plus tar… Trajan sought to deal with this by forsaking direct Roman rule in Parthia proper, at least partially. Il culto di Timoleonte a Siracusa nel contesto politico e religioso del IV secolo a.C. Tradizione e innovazione J.-C. (chute de Romulus Augustule et fin de l'empire romain d'Occident). You can only move them between Droplets in the same datacenter. May you rule fortunate like Augustus and better than Trajan. Montag 09 November 2020 von 14:00 (Paris) Schauen Sie alle Elemente der Auktion. A vicus was also created around the Tropaeum Traianum. EUR 22,00. [284] A third-century emperor, Decius, even received from the Senate the name Trajan as a decoration. Trajan and a colleague of his, Publius Acilius Attianus, became co-guardians of the two children. Trajan, ma jeunesse ! Marcus Ulpius Trajanus tel est le nom du dernier empereur Romain conquérant. Early in his reign, he annexed the Nabataean Kingdom, creating the province of Arabia Petraea. According to some modern historians, the aim of the campaign of 116 was to achieve a "preemptive demonstration" aiming not toward the conquest of Parthia, but for tighter Roman control over the Eastern trade route. Un changement encore plus radical est dû à la politique belliciste de Trajan. [294] Following in Paribeni's footsteps, the German historian Alfred Heuss saw in Trajan "the accomplished human embodiment of the imperial title" (die ideale Verkörperung des humanen Kaiserbegriffs). Jesper Majbom Madsen, Roger David Rees, eds. Sa vie avant d’être empereur Marcus Ulpius Traianus, dit Trajan, est né le 18 septembre, sans doute en l’an 53, à Italica, près de Séville en Espagne. Il existe un moyen mnémotechnique pour retenir la liste des 12 premiers empereurs romains (tel que Suétone l'a définie, donc César inclus). [11], As a young man, he rose through the ranks of the Roman army, serving in some of the most contested parts of the Empire's frontier. [144] Defense of the province was entrusted to a single legion, the XIII Gemina, stationed at Apulum, which functioned as an advanced guard that could, in case of need, strike either west or east at the Sarmatians living at the borders. Officially declared by the Senate optimus princeps ("best ruler"), Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the second-greatest military expansion in Roman history after Augustus, leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by the time of his death. Also, a mural of Trajan stopping to provide justice for a poor widow is present in the first terrace of Purgatory as a lesson to those who are purged for being proud. [299] For Paul Veyne, what is to be retained from Trajan's "stylish" qualities was that he was the last Roman emperor to think of the empire as a purely Italian and Rome-centered hegemony of conquest. J.-C., et c'est lui qui met en application les réformes que César avait seulement promulguées, donnant ainsi à l'Empire des traits économiques et sociaux très différents de ceux de la République. [231] Another hypothesis is that the rulers of Charax had expansionist designs on Parthian Babylon, giving them a rationale for alliance with Trajan. Syme, R., 1971. Lot 4 COPY. It was not a decisive victory, however. The furthest south the Romans occupied (or, better, garrisoned, adopting a policy of having garrisons at key points in the desert)[124] was Hegra, over 300 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of Petra. [134], Trajan built a new city, Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa, on another site (north of the hill citadel holding the previous Dacian capital),[135] although bearing the same full name, Sarmizegetusa. It has even been ventured that, when earlier in his campaign Trajan annexed Armenia, he was bound to annex the whole of Mesopotamia lest the Parthians interrupt the flux of trade from the Persian Gulf and/or foment trouble at the Roman frontier on the Danube. [252] Trajan was forced to withdraw his army in order to put down the revolts. Alan Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Averil Cameron, eds., Meléndez, Javier Bermejo, Santiago Robles Esparcia, and Juan M. Campos Carrasco. L'Empire romain d'Orient, que les historiens nomment aussi « Empire byzantin » à partir du Haut Moyen Âge, disparaît en 1453 lors de la prise de Constantinople par les Ottomans. [192] Commercial activity in second century Mesopotamia seems to have been a general phenomenon, shared by many peoples within and without the Roman Empire, with no sign of a concerted Imperial policy towards it. [86], Trajan ingratiated himself with the Greek intellectual elite by recalling to Rome many (including Dio) who had been exiled by Domitian,[87] and by returning (in a process begun by Nerva) a great deal of private property that Domitian had confiscated. [110], In May of 101, Trajan launched his first campaign into the Dacian kingdom,[111] crossing to the northern bank of the Danube and defeating the Dacian army at Tapae (see Second Battle of Tapae), near the Iron Gates of Transylvania. [221] The area between the Khabur River and the mountains around Singara seems to have been considered as the new frontier, and as such received a road surrounded by fortresses. [25] As a token of his influence, Sura would later become consul for the third time in 107. [164] According to the French historian Paul Petit, the alimenta should be seen as part of a set of measures aimed towards the economic recovery of Italy. J.-C., il détient le titre de dictateur à vie, mais c'est Auguste qui met fin à la République en 27 av. Trajan était, avant tout, comme je l'ai dit, un grand philanthrope et mécène de la jeunesse romaine. [112] Trajan's troops were mauled in the encounter, and he put off further campaigning for the year in order to regroup and reinforce his army. The patria of the Ulpii was Italica, in Spanish Baetica. Having come to the narrow strip of land between the Euphrates and the Tigris, he then dragged his fleet overland into the Tigris, capturing Seleucia and finally the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon. Après la fin de la crise du troisième siècle, Dioclétien s’autoproclame empereur en 284 et pose les bases de la séparation de l'Empire romain en 286. [251] Another rebellion flared up among the Jewish communities of Northern Mesopotamia, probably part of a general reaction against Roman occupation. IN John Rich, Graham Shipley, eds. Il a intégré les provinciaux dans l'État romain, et a été un grand administrateur en favorisant l'agriculture et le commerce avec les provinces. Volumes are region-specific resources. As Pliny wrote to Trajan, this had as its most visible consequence a trail of unfinished or ill-kept public utilities. He saw this withdrawal as simply a temporary setback, but he was destined never to command an army in the field again, turning his Eastern armies over to Lusius Quietus, who meanwhile (early 117) had been made governor of Judaea and might have had to deal earlier with some kind of Jewish unrest in the province. Le parent de Trajan qui devint son successeur, Adrien, accompagnait aussi l'empereur en qualité d'aide de camp, cornes expeditionis ï)acicœ, et l'auteur signale à ce sujet le récent travail de M. Friedlànder (Darsteltungen mis der Sittenyeschichte Roms, etc. [269] In addition Hadrian was born in Hispania and seems to have been well connected with the powerful group of Spanish senators influential at Trajan's court through his ties to Plotina and the Prefect Attianus. The next few emperors reconfigured or ignored it, and in 104 Trajan reused the palace’s walls and vaults to create a suitable foundation for his famous baths. [26][27] These baths were later expanded by the third century emperor Decius as a means of stressing his link to Trajan. Versand: + EUR 12,00 Versand . Many modern historians consider that Trajan's decision to wage war against Parthia might have had economic motives: after Trajan's annexation of Arabia, he built a new road, Via Traiana Nova, that went from Bostra to Aila on the Red Sea. Among medieval Christian theologians, Trajan was considered a virtuous pagan. [7] The tenth volume of Pliny's letters contains his correspondence with Trajan, which deals with various aspects of imperial Roman government, but this correspondence is neither intimate nor candid: it is an exchange of official mail, in which Pliny's stance borders on the servile. Versand: + EUR 9,99 Versand . The slab, dated to the year 101, commemorates the building of at least one canal that went from the Kasajna tributary to at least Ducis Pratum, whose embankments were still visible until recently. In 76–77, Trajan's father was Governor of Syria (Legatus pro praetore Syriae), where Trajan himself remained as Tribunus legionis. Trajan did likewise, but since "willingness is a slippery commodity", Finley suspects that, in order to ensure Italian landowners' acceptance of the burden of borrowing from the alimenta fund, some "moral" pressure was exerted. A la mort de Nerva, Trajan devint le maître de l’Empire. 2 Sesterce VESPASIANVS HADRIANVS.1 PROBVS.1 Dupondus de Nîmes . Trois tétrarchies se succèdent avant que le système ne se désagrège et Constantin Ier redevient le seul maître de l'Empire en 324. L'Empire romain d'Occident disparaît en 476 lorsque son dernier empereur, Romulus Augustule, est déposé par Odoacre. Vespasien est le dernier empereur de l'année des quatre empereurs (69) et le fondateur de la dynastie des Flaviens. Puis ce furent les Phéniciens qui s'y établirent, intéressés par la plage de halage et surtout par la colline du Santon qui permettait de surveiller la mer très loin. [141] The garrison city of Oescus received the status of Roman colony after its legionary garrison was redeployed. Alors qu'Arcadius est le premier empereur romain d'Orient après la séparation officielle de l'Empire, Zénon est considéré comme le dernier empereur romain d'Orient et le premier empereur byzantin, étant donné l'effondrement de l'Empire d'Occident en 476. According to Pliny, the best way to achieve this was to lower the minimum age for holding a seat on the council, making it possible for more sons of the established oligarchical families to join and thus contribute to civic spending; this was seen as preferable to enrolling non-noble wealthy upstarts. This event was commemorated in a coin as the reduction of Parthia to client kingdom status: REX PARTHIS DATUS, "a king is given to the Parthians". It provided general funds, as well as food and subsidized education. [250][258], In contrast, the next prominent Roman figure in charge of the repression of the Jewish revolt, the equestrian Quintus Marcius Turbo, who had dealt with the rebel leader from Cyrene, Loukuas,[259] retained Hadrian's trust, eventually becoming his Praetorian Prefect. [142], Not all of Dacia was permanently occupied. Trajan, Roman emperor (98–117 CE) who sought to extend the boundaries of the empire to the east (notably in Dacia, Arabia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia), undertook a vast building program, and enlarged social welfare. [174], In short, the scheme was so limited in scope that it could not have fulfilled a coherent economic or demographic purpose – it was directed, not towards the poor, but to the community (in this case, the Italian cities) as a whole. [205], Finally, there are other modern historians who think that Trajan's original aims were purely military and quite modest: to assure a more defensible Eastern frontier for the Roman Empire, crossing Northern Mesopotamia along the course of the Khabur River in order to offer cover to a Roman Armenia. Cet article présente la liste des empereurs romains depuis Auguste jusqu'à la déposition de Romulus Augustule. Officiellement et au moment de sa mort en 44 av. En 96, l'empereur Domitien est assassiné et c'est le sénateur Nerva qui devient empereur. Enfin, à partir du mois de juin, Septime Sévère, fondateur de la dynastie des Sévères, et proclamé empereur par les légions de Pannonie, alors que Pescennius Niger l'est par les légions de Syrie et Clodius Albinus par les légions de Bretagne. He was succeeded by his cousin Hadrian, whom Trajan supposedly adopted on his deathbed. After having appointed Hadrian his successor, Trajan died while returning to Italy from the east. J.-C. (début du règne d'Auguste) à 476 ap. Ses successeurs sont ses fils Arcadius chargé de l'Orient, futur « Empire byzantin », qui perdure jusqu'en 1453, et Honorius chargé de l'Occident, dénommé « Empire romain d'Occident », qui s'écroule au Ve siècle (476). Cherchez des exemples de traductions trajan dans des phrases, écoutez à la prononciation et apprenez la grammaire. His elder sister was Ulpia Marciana, and his niece was Salonina Matidia. Gsell, "Étude sur le rôle politique du Sénat Romain à l'époque de Trajan". La dynastie des Julio-Claudiens règne du début de l'Empire en 27 av. L'empereur Auguste décède le 19 août 14 ap J-C, dans la ville natale de son père, Nola.